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& 语文：高考作文素材：世界文豪.马克·吐温妙语大全：上
语文：高考作文素材：世界文豪.马克·吐温妙语大全：上
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作文提纲和所需词组 Although …. This shows … , it is clear then …, there are both advantages and disadv
There are many good reasons for wearing a school uniform…
Firstly , … Secondly ,… In addition , …. However , … like the idea of doing sth.., One reason why …. What’s more , … too…to .
Warm enough … On the whole , there are advantages and disadvantages to doing sth. In my opinion,….
The mobile phone is more and more popular, many teenagers have their own phones. Now my mobile phone is Philips 535. I think having a mobile phone is very fashionable. And since mobile phones are getting cheaper, most people can buy one. Your mobile phone is like a status symbol----it says if you are cool or not. What phone you have says a lot about you to some people these days. If your mobile phone is old-fashioned, behind the times, and outdated, you will be ashamed for your old phone. But mobile phones will harm people’s physical health.
In a word, I am glad to be like my friends who all have mobile phone. My mobile phone helps me a lot. Dear Helen,
I am writing this letter in response to your advertisement.
I am a girl of the same age with you. And I come from a happy and warm family, which includes my father, my mother, my sister and I. I am studying
in a key school far from my hometown, but I never regretted for my own choice, for the life here is very colorful and challenging. I am interested in stamp collection and I have colleted more than three thousand stamps. I also like swimming, playing tennis and some other sports.
I wish that one day we could be good friends.
Yours Truly,
学习写作 When I was a little girl, I used to be outgoing and lovely. Also, I used to be very happy, Do you think so?
When I was in the kindergarten, I was taller than before, but I was still shy. I used to like to listen to pop music. I used to like to play some games that were very exciting. And I really wanted to be a pathfinder at that time. When I was in the primary school, I used to have long hair,I used to be a little childish and I used to be afraid of speaking in front of a lot of people. Also I used to be afraid of the dark and high places. Now I have short hair and I am more outgoing than before. And I don’t want to be a pathfinder anymore, and I want to be a translator or a computer programmer. Also I am afraid of being alone, because I don’t like being lonely. Everyone expects a bright future, and so do I. Although I know it’s not easy, I believe myself. Also I must set some aims, right?
开放写作 Hello, everybody,my name is Kanny. See, I’m a cat, but not a common cat. Now ,let me tell you something about my childhood. ………… I used to be a lovely
kitten I used to be very small I used to have brown soft hair I used to have little red nose Everyone used to like me ‘cause I used to be clever and little My dad wasn’t a good father Because he used to drink a lot I don’t like a drunk father
So I left him forever But I used to be lucky Because I have a good brother We used to run in the field under the light We used to play like two little knights
We used to have
happy time all However , he now becomes a round ball . So he’s unhappy. But we must say,”they all has passed.” I’m still a happy cat!
资源渠道多方面
增加阅读量
每天一个词汇或句子的积累.
It is never too old to learn.
I enjoy making mistakes
深入挖掘 3a内容
口头作文 Reading & Writing 书面表达检测的能力
审题能力：明确写作目的、要传递什么信
息、要说明什么问题、思想性等；
组织能力：处理信息的能力、组织文章的逻
修改能力：发现问题、纠正错误、提高文章
发挥能力：表达简洁、地道、流畅、语言形
式多样、词汇丰富、有自己的见
解等. 第四档： 很好地完成了试题规定地任务。 能写明全部或绝大部分内容要点； 语言基本无误； 行文连贯，表达清楚； 语言结构和词汇选用恰当、丰富； 有效采用不同连接手段，层次清楚，格式和语域恰当。 英语写作要诀 Theme:文章一定要切题，主题突出。
Development: 主题的发挥充分合理，词汇、句子、段落分配使用得当。内容要符合逻辑。 Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。 Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。Brief: 文章“简为贵”，要抓住要点，简明扼要。合理删除多余的不必要部分。Straight: 开门见山，直来直去。Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。 Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。
Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。
阅读中重视英语句子的表达，培养学生英语思维 学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题：　　第一、英语底子太薄。　　第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。　　第三、表达思想不清楚。表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重的中文思维和汉化的英语。此外，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺系统的写作理论和方法，以及最基本的单句写作能力。好多考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。 阅读中注意英汉表达差异 一、首先，英美人的思维方式是直线式，他们在遣词造句谋篇上遵循着从一般（general）到具体（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例（exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体（respective）的原则。先有主题句（main idea sentence），后面再用说明主题。 在单句中也是先中心，将主要思想、结果放在句首。 二、英语结构紧凑，语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由断不可缺的各种连词衔接而成；英语重形和，句子中如果少了连接词所要表达的意思就支离破碎了。 三、就是因为英语中各种连接词与替代词的广泛使用，使得英语中出现“多枝共干”式的长句，复合句。 四、英语的另一个显著特点是被动句多。 五、时态丰富。 六、词组或短语丰富多彩，有名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语与独立结构等，它们的语法功能不一而足，可做主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语与表语等。 写作的初步训练分为以下三个步骤：?1.仿写，仿写即仿照有关内容写一篇类似的短文，内容与课本一致。在熟练背记句型和段落的基础上能举一反三。 2、改写，改写的方法很多，可以是将对话改写成短文，也可以是缩写课文等。 3、扩写，扩写即用同一题材通过数次扩展、补充从而完成短文的写作练习。一篇短文分次扩写，每次的写作量不大，让学生将课文中的词语和句型变成英语技能并保证较高的正确率，一周练习扩写两次完成一篇短文。 1、控制性写作。为学生写作提供较详细的内容，要求学生将它们包含在写作中。从文章结构（分几个段落、每段的要点）到动词的时态，必须包括的单词、短句和句型。引导和帮助他们学会基本的写作方法。
2、引导性写作。允许学生在内容与语言形式上作必要发挥。如给出第一段，继写；或给出第一段与最后一段，要学生写中间几段。给出的段落内容可以灵活多样，学生的写作方法和观点可完全不同。有时可以通过提供图片，给出提纲或以提问的形式，要求学生按图、提纲或回答问题的顺序进行写作。 3、自由写作。放手让学生表达自己的思想。要求学生掌握根据不同的写作目的，阅读作文的对象，选择确切的表达方式等语用规则。 互动读写 1、扩展句子。 2、分头阅读，合作完稿。让学生在阅读过程收集材料，是解决学生无话可说的一条有效途径。老师先给学生出一题目，让学生分头查阅资料，然后在写作课上进行小组讨论，整理材料，最后合作完成文章。老师可摘录学生习作中的精彩部分让学生传阅。在此基础上，可要求学生阅读一篇短文后，以小组为单位，合作写出一篇一百多字的摘要，以锻炼学生的阅读、概括和表达能力。
3．话题写作。以教材为中心，围绕所学的课文进行练习，就课文内容写出一连串的问题，再进行笔头回答，或写出课文的中心句，从不同角度、用不同的人称转述课文大意，或概括出课文的主要故事情节。另外结合此单元的内容，写出相应的符合实际的小短文。 怎样才能写好作文呢？ 阅读优秀范文 首先要搞好阅读。阅读是写作的基础，教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。 写阅读笔记 其次，在大量阅读的基础上要加强练词造句的训练。词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。 用英语写日记 经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，在记日记时，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等。可按书上题目或所给情景练笔，写好后对照书上范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语作文也很有帮助，在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好。
任务型阅读
填表格，提问
任务型写作
提纲，重点词
写作 写作任务
阅读，找材料
写作 头脑风暴
学习写作 阅读
开放写作 读写结合的五种尝试 教学模式
任务型阅读
填表格，答问
任务型写作 Dave is a student. He likes clothes that are cool. He likes to listen to the music. His favorite band is Guns and Roses because he likes music that is loud and energetic. He can’t stand the music that makes him want to sleep. He likes reading books and watching movies. Titanic is his favorite movie. He thinks it is very romantic. He likes books that are interesting and exciting, so he likes reading Harry Potter.
Dave’s favorite
Reason Band Books Movies Dave’s favorite
Reason Band
Guns and Roses
loud, energetic Books
Harry Potter
interesting, exciting Movies
romantic Dave is a student. He has many interests. He likes to listen to the music. His favorite band is Guns and Roses because he likes music that is loud and energetic. He can’t stand the music that makes him want to sleep. He likes reading books and watching movies. Titanic is his favorite movie. He thinks it is very romantic. He likes books that are interesting and exciting, so he likes reading Harry Potter.
提纲，重点词
写作 How I learned to learn English
Last year my English class was difficult for me . First of all , it wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class . To begin with , she spoke too quickly , and I couldn’t understand every word . Later on , I realized that it doesn’t matter if you don’t understand every word . Also I was afraid to speak in class , because I thought my classmate might laugh at me . I couldn’t
always make complete sentences , either . Then I started to English –language TV. It helped me a lot. I think doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner . Another thing that I found very difficult
was English grammar . So I decided to take lots of grammar notes in every class. Then I started to write my own original sentences using the grammar I was learning. It’s amazing how much this helped . Now I am enjoying learning English and I got an A this term. My teacher is very impressed .
How I learned to learn English Beginning (1)
(tense) Body (12)
Listening (3)
First of all
To begin with
Speaking (5)
Then (supporting)
I think (gains)
Grammar (4)
Another thing
Then (supporting) 3. Ending (2)
Now (supporting) 168 Outline Sequencing: first of all, to begin with, first, second, third ,next, then, later on, at last, the following day,
Exemplifying: thus, for example, such as, Focusing: generally speaking, in my opinion, as for
me, I think, I agree Summarizing: to sum up, in short, in a word, in brief Additive: besides, also, what’s more, moreover, furthermore, on the other hand,
Adversative: but, yet, though, however, on the contrary,
Causal: so, therefore, because, for this reason, in that case,
It wasn’t easy for me to understand…
The writer found learning English difficult because … I think doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner. Key words and sentence structures
Today I’m so happy to stand here to introduce my ways of learning English.
Maybe you can’t believe that I got 70 points in an English test last year. So I was very worried about my English. To begin with, I couldn’t understand people when they talked to me in English, because they always spoke very fast. Later on I began to talk to my oral English teacher. She was very happy when I talked to her. It’s a good way to improve my speaking skill. I also found my vocabulary
very poor, so I decided to memorize the English words every day to expand my vocabulary. It’s amazing hour much this helped! I could always come up with good sentences when I did writing exercises. But another thing I found very difficult was the English grammar, because I’ve made a lot mistakes in grammar. Then I began to read grammar books and wrote my own original sentence using the grammar I was learning. I also summarized the sentence structures after leaning a unit. I felt I improved a lot! I got 90 in the recent test. I’ll keep trying to come top in English. Thank you.
English is so important and useful that most people speak English as a second language nowadays. It’s especially popular around the world for computer and science . If you are good at English, you can understand many new books and movies . So, we should study English hard.
However, some students don’t like English, because they have some problems learning English. Here are some suggestions for you. First, if you can’t get the pronunciation right, you should listen to the cassettes. Second, if you always forget new words, you can
memorize them by making a vocabulary list. Third, if you have some difficulties in learning grammar, you can take grammar notes in every class and try to make sentences by using the grammar you have learned. Also you can write to your pen pal to practice writing. What ’s more , why don’t you join an English club to study English?
In short, where there is a will , there is a way .I’m sure that you will get an A this term if you study English that way . Let’s enjoy learning English 理由型议论文 1. Topic
Thesis: My attitude 2. Thesis (more specific)
Supporting detail
Supporting detail
Supporting detail 3. Conclusion
Outline 随着人们的生活水平的提高，越来越多的人拥有私家汽车。请从下面表格中所给两个题目中选择其中一个题目，写一篇议论文，简述你的观点。字数100字左右。 The car---a useful tool Convenient, comfortable, quick, get around freely, save time Stop using cars! Expensive, hard to find a parking place, need repairing, slow in rush hour, cause pollution and accidents As the standard of living is getting higher, more and more people are buying cars. ____________________________ 比较型议论文 1. The subjects to be compared
Thesis: your preference for B over A 2. Concede A’s advantages
But A’s disadvantage
Illustrate B’s advantage 1
3 3. Conclusion
As the standard of living is getting higher, more and more people are buying cars. Cars are becoming part of our life. First, it’s very convenient. You don’t have to wait a long time for buses and you needn’t suffer from standing on a crowded bus. Second, we can get around freely by car. Third, it’s very comfortable. You can get the air condition turned on in summer and you can protect yourself from rain and wind. However, some people think cars cause pollution or accidents. But do you believe there would be no pollution or accidents without cars?
In my opinion, cars have brought us more advantages than disadvantages. I like cars.
As the standard of living is getting higher, more and more people are buying cars. It seems that the car has become an important part of our life. Some people even think that they can’t live without it. But I think the car is a great burden rather than a tool for us. It’s very expensive to buy a car. Besides, you’ll spend lots of money repairing the cars. And you’ll find it hard to find a parking place because more and more people buy cars. What’s more, cares can cause air pollution and accidents. Indeed it is quick. But do you think it can save your time in rush hour?
In my opinion, cars bring us more trouble than convenience. Stop using cars, and we’ll have a better life. 记叙文 说明文 议论文 书信，演讲，发言，留言，招聘…… Outline
阅读，找材料
写作 请填写下列表格，写一篇关于穿校服的文章，并简述你的观点。 Reasons for wearing school uniforms
Reasons for most students dislike wearing them
What should be done
Although in many countries school uniforms have been abolished , school children in Britain and other countries still have to wear them. This shows that on one can agree on wearing school uniform . It is clear then, that there are both advantages and disadvantages to wearing one . There are many good reasons for wearing a school uniform. Firstly , students do not
need to concern themselves with what they are going to wear to school every day . Secondly , uniforms cost less than if students had to buy a variety of clothes . In addition , when students wear a uniform, they feel that they belong to a group and are proud to present their school . However , not everyone likes the idea of wearing a school uniform. One reason why students dislike uniforms is that they are not considered fashionable . What is more, sometimes uniforms may not be comfortable or even appropriate in extreme weather conditions . They may be too hot to wear in summer or not warm enough in winter . On the whole , there are advantages and disadvantages to wearing a School uniform. In my opinion ,each school should have the right to choose whether its students should have to wear a uniform or not .
Believe or not , there are good reasons for wearing a school uniform. It makes students feel proud of their school . It builds a common spirit of unity among students and reminds them of the value and history of their school. But for most of the students , school uniforms are not something to be proud at all . They don’t like school uniforms because of their simple colors , boring designs and bad quality . I think the quality of school uniforms should be improved . I wish to wear colorful and good looking uniforms.
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文豪吵起架来也会一地鸡毛：马克吐温吐槽恩师
　　日前，美国加州大学伯克利分校的学者发现并整理出了美国文豪马克·吐温150年前的一批文字，是29岁的吐温在旧金山做记者期间所写。在这里他遇到了文学的领路人布勒特·哈特，开始以马克·吐温的笔名展露才华。但在经历了一段亦师亦友的兄弟情谊后，二人，成为文学史上的一对著名冤家。 　　从文人相亲到文人相轻，古今中外所见多多。在艺术史上，这是一个有趣也令人遗憾的现象。人们期望那些创造了真善美经典作品的艺术家自身也是真善美的典范，期望他们的社会角色与私人角色合而为一。当文人相轻一地鸡毛时，人们不禁要问，是什么让这些本应文质彬彬的人看起来像患了强迫症的斗鸡，非要用他们最擅长的文字一搏高低?为什么这些用作品解答人生困惑的灵魂工程师，却无法在真实的人际交往中，展现出与其作品相匹配的优雅高贵? 　　曾说：“文人还是人，既然还是人，他心里就仍然有是非，有爱憎;但又因为是文人，他的是非就愈分明，爱憎也愈热烈……”美国学者安东尼·亚瑟则以《明争暗斗》一书梳理文坛冤家之争的，并将其归结为强烈个性之间的冲突。 　　马克·吐温vs布勒特·哈特 　　1864年，29岁的萨姆·克莱门斯才给自己起了一个叫做“马克·吐温”的笔名，就在报纸上颇为张扬地展现他嘲讽挖苦的本事，惹毛了一个家伙。事情闹大，克莱门斯从弗吉尼亚一路逃到了旧金山，除了一个装满了待售小说的袋子，身上一无所有。
　　千里奔逃，他并不以为狼狈。甚至在他的想象中，浪漫洒脱的男人就该是这样：落拓，无畏，四处游荡。这个密西西比河边长大的汉子，人生理想是做一名蒸汽轮船的舵手，但向往之地却是干旱的西部。其实，“马克·吐温”，抑或是萨姆·克莱门斯，跟那个爱做骑士梦、给自己取名为“堂·吉诃德”的阿隆索·吉哈诺，实在是有不少相似之处。 　　马克·吐温就这样出现在旧金山美国造币局办公大楼里，蓬头垢面，半个水手半个牛仔的模样，眼中带着灼人的傲气，拜访在当地文学界已经颇具盛名的布勒特·哈特，大喇喇地自荐：“我有潜力。”至于比马克·吐温还小一岁的哈特，则是个举止优雅的美男子，在正装之外还喜欢别上宝石袖扣，令人很难相，这个温和的绅士居然在西部当过矿工。跟马克·吐温对坐在一起，两人戏剧化地形成了两个截然相反的镜像。尽管时任造币局的地区主管助理，哈特更著名的身份是文学杂志《加利福尼亚人》的主要撰稿人和兼任编辑，他在短短两年中就发表了上百篇诗歌和散文，很受瞩目。 　　两人的见面是愉快的。马克·吐温向布勒特·哈特讲了一个关于青蛙的幽默故事，也就是日后令他扬名的短篇小说《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》。这个小故事后来让无数人捧腹不止，而哈特作为它的第一个听众，毫不犹疑地确定了马克·吐温的文学天分。哈特聘请吐温为《加利福尼亚人》每周撰写文章，盛赞他为“天才幽默家”。此后，哈特在1868年自己创办了《大陆月刊》杂志，也邀请吐温为杂志撰稿。非但如此，哈特还在编辑稿件时，向这位新手作者教授写作风格、节奏和语调方面的技巧。马克·吐温自己也曾说，哈特“耐心地梳理、训练和教育我”，“直到把我从一个表达粗浅思想的拙劣写作者变成一名能够以段落和章节铺展文章的作者”。 　　自从1968年的短篇小说《咆哮营的幸运儿》出版以后，布勒特·哈特又陆续写下了《扑克滩的流浪者》《田纳西的伙伴》等一系列讲述“淘金热”中矿工生活的小说，在美国文学界如日中天，被视为西部小说的标杆式人物。不过，他的作品也被一些读者认为过于感伤煽情。哈特从骨子里就是一个浪漫主义作家，这一点跟马克·吐温乐于讽刺感伤、揭穿虚伪的文学旨向背道相驰。但评论家们总喜欢把吐温的名字与哈特挂上钩，将他们的作品也归为同一类型，这点让马克·吐温不爽。 　　尽管哈特是马克·吐温的文坛领路人，但一个以舵手、牛仔自居的人，是不可能满足于做一个小小跟班的。早在1866年，出版第一部小说集之前，马克·吐温就满含醋意地说：“虽然我通常被列为粗制滥造的作家，但我认为布勒特·哈特戴上这个头衔倒更合适。”5年后，出了两本幽默小说集子，声望仍然不尴不尬，他就宣称自己已经超越了风头正健的布勒特·哈特。彼时，哈特刚接受《大西洋月刊》的重金聘用，举家从西部前往纽约，沿途迎接媒体和读者的热情。对于马克·吐温偶尔在报章上流露出的火药味，哈特并不以为意，两人见了面仍是勾肩搭背的好兄弟。 　　在造币局工作过的哈特，其实极不善于理财。他很快将杂志社预支的巨款挥霍一空，却对写稿任务和演讲应酬漫不经心。由于经常向朋友借钱却很少还款，哈特“赖账者”的恶名也慢慢传开了，他只得向马克·吐温抱怨，并且地请求“经济援助”。马克·吐温因为娶了企业家的女儿，成了新晋富绅，对困窘的老友倒是十分慷慨;但哈特拿了马克·吐温的钱，却也不见外地嘲笑对方铺张奢华的生活方式。 　　1876年，马克·吐温接受了哈特的提议，两人合写一部叫做《阿辛》的戏剧，不过在实际写作中，彼此都不满意对方的修改意见，剧本的进展陷入僵局。这时候，哈特养成了酗酒的毛病，总是不停喝着酒，抱怨马克·吐温给他介绍的出版社出了差错，让他损失了数千美元。第二年3月，马克·吐温正式向哈特寄出一封信，拒绝再借钱给他，但是愿意聘请他跟自己合作写剧本，每周付给25美元的报酬。这封自以为慷慨的信，对于哈特来说是不堪忍受的羞辱：“马克·吐温在利用我的贫穷大做文章。”两人彻底翻脸。此后，已经几乎是马克·吐温个人作品的《阿辛》在百老汇公演，反响平平，而随着大幕合上，剧本背后两个作家的友谊，也就此落幕。 　　此后，已经沦落至给肥皂写广告词的哈特，通过朋友的关系，竟然差点说动了总统派他到中国任外交官，但却被马克·吐温的“检举信”坏了事：“不论他到什么地方，他的身后都会留下被骗的杂货商和借钱无归的老实人……”最终，哈特被派到德国一座小城担任商务代理，马克·吐温在哈特动身当天依然在激烈地抗议。后来，哈特再也没有回国，而已经成为美国文坛巨人的马克·吐温，还揪住这个已经被读者淡忘的宿敌不放，甚至在对手因喉癌去世后，仍没有停止言语上的攻击。 　　不过，哈特从来没有用同样的方式还击过马克·吐温。也许，在他内心深处，自己就算再窘迫，也仍是个浪漫主义的绅士，而马克·吐温，从自己认识的第一天起，就是这样一个才气四溢的莽汉，刚刚招惹了别人，并且随时准备再惹下一个。
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