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&&&&&&&&翻译理论与实践讲义第一章绪论Definitionoftranslation1.Translationmaybedefinedasfollows:thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).--Catford2.Totranslateistochangeintoanotherlanguage,remainingthesense.‖--Dr.SamuelJohnson3.Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.--EugeneA.Nida尤金奈达1.Hermotherdiedofdifficultlabor.2.Thisisaverygoodprice.3.MilletmadeaportraitofLadyChesterfield,whichflatterher.4.Healwayslivesaheadofhissalary.第二章翻译的过程1.阅读并分析原文（analysis）2.将原文转为译入语（transfer）3.对译文进行修订（proofreading）2.1阅读并分析原文2.1.1原文的意图一.语法结构的选择二.形式对意义的表达例如诗歌等三、语义分析（semanticanalysis）a.词的概念意义（conceptualmeaning）和关联意义（associativemeaning）①chairtheboardmeeting②seatoneselfinawoodenchairasharpknifeasharpchildasharpturnsharpeyes&&&&b.把握意义关系，注意同反义、褒贬义、多歧义关系。①Hehasthereputationofbeingablood-sucker.②Shehasmadeareputationforherselfthroughhardwork.2.1.2原文的语言特点：形式意义和风格一、表达性文本(1)x：Howmuchhaveyousuffered,Irene?y：Alot.x：爱玲，你吃了多少苦？y：一言难尽。(2)嘴甜心苦，两面三刀，上头笑着，脚底下就使绊子，明是一把火，暗是一把刀，她都占全了。译文：She‘llgiveyousweettalkwhenthere‘shatredinherheart,she‘ssodouble-facedandtricky.Allthetimeshe‘ssmilingshetriedtostripyouup,makingashowofgreatwarmthwhileshestabsyouintheback.That‘swaysheis.二、表达性文本1.一位充满传奇的影坛明星。一部超越时空的经典之作。窈窕淑女正在放映！ALegendaryStar.ATimelessClassic.MyFairLady2.LiveandLetLive（2002世界艾滋病主题）相互关爱，共享生命。三、祈使性文本烟花灿烂庆回归1.FireworkdisplayinHongKong2.试论当前高校党的建设OnPartyBuildingatCollegesToday3.免费入场AdmissionFree2.1.3原文中的文化因素1.谋事在人成事在天Manproposes,heavendisposes.(Yang)Manproposes,Goddisposes.(Hawkes)1.小犬将于下月结婚。2.LastnightIheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.昨天夜里我听见他鼾声如雷。&&&&3.cat‘spaw喻“被人当作工具使用的人”或“受人愚弄的人”4.Stillwaterrunsdeep.―大智若愚”；5.aspoorasachurchmouse一贫如洗6.go-between/match-maker月老/媒人7.Achilles‘heel致命的弱点8.meetone‘sWaterloo一败涂地2.1.4原文的读者2.2翻译的四个层次(将原文转为译入语transfer)2.2.1文本层次（textuallevel）1）Youflatterme.原译：你拍我马屁。改译：你过奖了。2）Youareoldenoughtoknowbetter.译文：你都老大不小啦，该懂事一些了。3）她听说深圳遍地是黄金，于是就来了。译文：ShehadbeendrawntoShenzhenbytalesofunimaginablewealth.Ifeelmuchflattered.不敢当。沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌puttheflowerstoshame2.2.2所指层次（referentiallevel）1)Theyrunawayasfastastheirlegscouldcarrythem.改译：他们飞快的跑，只恨爹娘没给生出四条腿。/他们拼着命的跑。2）A:Canyouhelpme?B:Willaduckswim?译文：你能帮助我么？当然喽。还用问么？所指层次练习1.Theykilledabottleofkaoliangbetweenthem.2.他（听到这话）心里一惊，脸色变了。&&&&Atthishisheartmissedabeatandhebecamepale.2.2.3粘着层次（cohesivelevel）2.2.4自然层次（levelofnaturalness）1.Agehadweakenedhim.Buthismindremainedstrong.他虽然年迈体衰，但脑力依然很好、强健。2.Itwouldbeonesetbacktoomanyforhim.他可再也经不住什么挫折了。优劣判断1）这个出租车司机黑着呢，他经常宰顾客。A.Thistaxidriverhasablackheart.Heoftenkillshiscustoms.B.Thistaxidriverisanoldscrew.Heoftenovercharges.C.Thistaxidriverisaverygreedyman.2）Sheisagoodwasher.A.她是一个好洗衣人。B.她洗衣服洗得好。C.她洗衣服总是洗得很干净。3)买一送一。A.Ifyoubuyone,wewillgiveyouanother.B.Buyonegetsonefree.C.Youbuyone,getanotherfreeone.4)Areyouafather?A.你是父亲么？B.你有孩子么？C.你当爸爸了么？5)Whenitcametoreading,theywereasgoodasblind.A.来读书时，他们和瞎子一样好。B.一拿起书本，他们可都成了睁眼瞎了。&&&&C.说到读书，他们可都是瞎子。HomeworkThebestofwomenarehypocrites.Wedon‘tknowhowmuchtheyhidefromus；howwatchfultheyarewhentheyseemmostartlessandconfidential；howoftenthosefranksmiles,whichtheywearsoeasily,aretrapstocajoleoreludeordisarm.参考译文：我听我祖母说过，最贤良的女人都会假惺惺。我们从来不知道他们心里藏着多少秘。她们表面上天真烂漫地跟你谈贴心话儿，其实是步步留心提防着你。她们不费力气就能堆下满脸诚恳的笑容，往往为的是哄人，叫你心软，上她们的当。第三章词汇翻译的技巧第一节Warmingup1.受气包tobedoormat2.做表面功夫payeye-service3.brown-nose马屁精3.1英汉语的词义对比1.词汇语意范围不一样（p32）1.他不服指导。Herefusedtoobeyorders/directions.2.不服水土benotaccustomedtotheclimate3.那个拳击手正在服刑。Thatboxerisservinghissentence.4.服兵役是每个青年的义务。It‘sthedutyofeveryyoungmantoserveinthearmy.2.词的内涵意义不一样1.Don‘ttrusthersheisasortoffox.*别信她说的关于你工作的那些话，她正眼红着呢。2.TheoldBlacksmithJimmyisasgoodasgold.*老铁匠吉米是个可靠的人。3.Thereisnowaytoblackoutthenews.*这消息是瞒不住的。1.词的情感意义不一样&&&&1.Dragonthegreatdragon魔鬼撒旦Chinesetotem2.亚洲四小龙经济去年出现了疲软。TheeconomyofthefourtigersinAsiabecameweaklastyear.3.Their―Whiteelephant‖cellsdon‘tsellwell.1.词的联想意义不一样1)redactivities左派激进活动2)aredlightdistrict花街柳巷（红灯区）3)aredadventurestory一个令人紧张的冒险故事4）awhitesoul纯洁的心灵5）whitemen高尚、有教养的人1.词的搭配意义不一样aheavymealheavyreadingaheavyinvestoraheavythinkeraheavyscheduleaheavyvote1.词汇的出现频率色彩不一样1.―别跟我哭穷了，我还不知道你的底细？”“Stoppoor-mouthingtome.Ihaveyournumber.‖2.我们相信用不了多久我们的产品就会走向世界。&&&&Webelievethatitwillnotlongbeforeourproductsgoglobal.(areinternationalrecognized)综合练习：1.Historyhasneverbeenkindtotheplace.（变换角度）这个地方长期以来都是多灾多难。2.SummerholidaysinworkaholicJapanarenotaninstitution.在人人都拼命工作的日本是没有放暑假这么一回事的。3.2英语词汇的对称性和英语词汇的非对称性技巧：英译汉时注意汉语词汇的骈偶性，汉译英时不必考虑这个问题。1.Peasantsnowsellvegetablesatmovingpricesdeterminedbytheirsupplyandtheircustomer‘sdemand.现在农民出售蔬菜，价格都是随行就市。1.Thehurricaneflattenedcrops,uprootedtrees,washedawayroadsandrippledoffroofs.飓风所到之处，庄稼伏倒，树根拔起，房顶掀飞。1.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase.1.公园里那些年轻人搂搂抱抱真是让人看不下去。It‘saneye–soreseeingthoseyoungstersplayingkissy-poointhepark.1.各吹各的号，各唱各的调。Eachdoesthingsinhisownway.2.路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。Theroadwaspackedwithanoisycrowdofmenandwomen,whoweresellingandbuyingallkindsofthings.优劣判断：1.Sheisanabsolutelyone-manwife.A.她是一个绝对地只要一个男人的妻子。B.她是一位忠实的妻子，坚信从一而终。&&&&C.她是一个忠实的妻子，绝对地只有一个男人。2.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinhischaracter.A.他的性格是老虎与猿猴的混合物。B.他的性格既残暴又狡猾。C.他既有老虎的性格又有猿猴的性格。3.他废寝忘食地工作Heissoabsorbed/occupiedinhiswork.Heeatsdrinksandsleepshiswork.4.精神生活spirituallife/culturallife5.外遇haveillegalloveoutside/carryonwithanotherwoman第三章第二节Revision1.Ihopethatthecircumstancewillnotleadyoutorejecttheofferedolivebranch.*我希望目前的情况还不至于让你拒绝我们的善意。2.Asthereinnocream,wewillhavetocontentourselveswithblackcoffee.*既然没有奶，我们就只好喝清咖啡了。Warmingup1.提祝酒词proposeatoast2.汉字的四声（平声、上声、仄声和去声）thefourtonesofChinesecharacters,namely,theleveltone,therisingtone,thefalling-risingtone,andthefallingtone3.3词汇的形态与翻译1.Oxfordismuchsmallerinnumbers,forexample,thantheStateUniversityofMinnesota,andismuchpoorer.Ithas,orhadtillyesterday,fewerstudentsthantheUniversityofToronto.2.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.主人对他的冷漠态度使他更加不舒服。3.Icouldhavelaughedtohearhimtalklikethis.&&&&听到他这样讲话,我差点笑出声来。4.Mr.Smithiswearingwell.史密斯先生不显老。赏析1.Carelessnesscausedhisfailureinthisyear‘scollegeentranceexamination.?由于粗心，他今年高考落榜。2.他只要听到几句恭维话就会得意忘形。Alittleflatterywouldsethimcarriedaway.Exercises词汇形态变化1.Beautyisintheeyeofthebeholder.*2.Thegreatnessofherbeautyenslavedtheheartsofallthatlookeduponher.3.Hernewdressisanabsolutedream.*4.Theydenouncedtheexposureofchildrentosuchcorruptingliterature.他们指责不该让儿童接触这类腐蚀心灵的文学作品。1.在一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他们撑着雨伞，攀沿一个弯曲的山间小道去拜望一位隐居在深山的朋友。Theywalkedwithumbrellasupawindingmountainpathonadrizzlingandwindyautumnafternoonforavisittoafriendlivinginseclusion.3.4词义的准确理解（p43）“Youknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.‖―理解一个词，要看它的结伴关系。”“Nocontext,notext.‖1.Iwouldn‘twantmychildrentooverhearyou.*2.Bridgeport,Conn,isn‘tjustAnyplace.*赏析1.Magnesiumanditsalloysarequitelatearrivalsforengineerstouse.镁及其合金是工程师们使用的新型工程材料。1.Fromlifetodeathisman‘sreach.人生的历程就是从生到死。Exercises&&&&1.1.Deceptionisalientome.*2.I‘llseeyoudeadbeforeIacceptyourterms!让我接受你的条件？死了这份心吧。3.Therecanneverbetoomuchdeceptioninwar.*打仗时要兵不厌诈。4.Ofmanythousandsparepartsdoesnotcomeuptothestandardbutone.3.5词义的准确表达(p45)1.Chouwasaquietandthoughtfulman,evenalittleshyashewelcomedhisvisitors,urgedthemtobeseatedandtotellhowhecouldhelpthem.*2.有时候老虎走近些但对驴子还是敬而远之。*Sometimesthetigerventurednearer,butstillkeptarespectfuldistancefromthedonkey.Exercises（词义的准确表达）1.Shemakesagoodteacher,asshehasagoodstudent.她原先是个好学生，现在是个好老师。2.Theypartedenemies.他们不欢而散，成了仇敌。段落练习：Hewasalwayspreparedtomakehimselfusefulandtherewasnothing,howevertiresomethatyouaskedhimtodoforyouthathewouldnotdowithpleasure.Hetookanimmenseamountoftroubletomakehimselfagreeabletoageingwomen,anditwasnotlong,beforehewastheAmidelamaisoninmanyanimposingmansion.Amidelamaison法语成语，译为“上流家庭或大户人家的朋友”Mansions他乐于助人，而且随叫随来；你要是请他做一件事，不管有多么麻烦，他都非常乐意帮忙。碰到年纪大的妇女，他总是曲尽心意地去博他们的欢心，所以很快便成了许多大户人家的上宾。Chapter4SkillsonVocabularyTranslation词汇翻译的技巧Warmingup1.立党为公、执政为民&&&&runthePartyforthepublicgoodandexercisethestatepowerforthebenefitofthepeople1.物质文明、政治文明、精神文明material,politicalandethicalandculturalcivilization2.发展是硬道理Developmentisourtoppriority./Developmentisanabsolute/constantnecessity.4.1移植法：直接移植和音译两种情况一、直接移植：1）KTV;DISCO;IQ;EQ;AQ;e-WindowsXp;VCD;word文档二、音译transliterate用一种语言文字写出或读出另一种语言的词和词组的发音。音译适用以下范围：（一）几乎所用的人名。例如：Lincoln（林肯）Churchill（丘吉尔）Haughton（霍顿）Shakespeare（莎士比亚）Rambo（兰博）曹雪芹（CaoXueqin）鲁迅（LuXun）钱钟书（QianZhongshu）（二）大多数地名。AustraliaNewYorkAtlantaMiamiBirminghamPhiladelphia（三）译入语原来没有的事物，包括科技新词、某些商标与文化词等。（p54）?Dink麻将Yippie&&&&?HippieShock(therapy)金华（火腿）磕头功夫茅台阴阳常用翻译方法：(一)、人的本名译音，外号译意(p54)1.IronLady2.TheDevil3.Cinderella4.SnowWhite5.芦柴棒6.赤发鬼刘唐（LiuTangtheRed-hairedghost）7.智多星吴用（WuYongtheBrainTruster）8.黑旋风李逵（LiKuitheBlackWhirlwind）（二）表示地理类别的普通名词的地名，其中普通地名译意。TheGulfofMexico；TheStraitofGibraltar；ThePhilippineIslands；TheSuezCanal；（三）某些商标的翻译半译音半译意。?7-up七喜Starbuck星巴克Nestle雀巢SafeguardPizzHutSprite雪碧Channel香奈儿&&&&（四）音译词后加一个表示类属的范畴词。（p55）?SardinePizzaWaltzChampagneJacketBowlingShark云吞花雕（五）约定俗成。?北京大学PKU=PekingUniversity清华大学TSU=TsinghuaUniversityBernardShawCambridgeShelley香港孙中山毛泽东（MaoZetung）蒋介石（KungKaishi）长期使用固定下来的：piebiscuits磕头kowtow衙门yamen四合院siheyuan饺子jiaozi音意译并存。(p57)?penicillin武术太极拳Exercises&&&&ultimatumMcDonaldsConfucianismhutongKangtalkshowHackerhysteriaTaoismyangkoKuomintangthebraveofChufamily祝氏三雄（）thethreewarriors祝氏三雄（）Tuhsing石秀theten-footgreensnake,tenfootofsteel一丈青扈三娘4.2词语增减法(AmplificationandOmission)Generalprinciple增词不增意，减词不减意一、弥合语法差异的需要。(p58)1.冠词的增减2.代词的增减3.介词的增减4.关联词的增减Ifoncevirtueislost,allislost.*丧失了道德，便丧失了一切。Earlytoriseandearlytobedmakesamanhealthy.早睡早起身体好。1.语气助词的增减1.Afterall,whatismoreenviablethanhappiness?毕竟，还有什么能比快乐更令人羡慕呢？2.Cananapemasteranythinglikehumanlanguage?类人猿能掌握类似于人类的语言吗？综合练习（弥合语法差异的需要）1.Flowersbloomallovertheyard.（增加表示名词复数的词)朵朵鲜花满院盛开。&&&&1.Asforme,Ididntagreefromtheverybeginning.（增加语气助词）我呢，从一开始就不赞成。二、弥合词义差异的需要（p62）（一）英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽，英译汉增词，反之，英译汉时减词。例：1.Partyliner2.worrylines1.Iwanttobeaman,andamanIam.*（增词）2.要加入那个俱乐部可不容易—他们要的是有钱的阔佬，不是一般老百姓。Itisnoteasytobecomeamemberofthatclub—theywantpeoplewhohaveplentyofmoneytospend,notjustTom,DickandHarry.1.IfIjustkeptmyeyeslockedonthebackofmybrother?struck,ifIjustmademywheelsfollowhiswheels,I‘dbeallright.(减词一些代词去掉避免重复）*2.Theonlycureforenvyinthecaseofordinarymenandwomenishappiness,andthedifficultyisthatenvyisitselfaterribleobstacletohappiness.(减词)*3.Iloveyounotbecauseofwhoyouare,butbecauseofwhoIamwhenIamwithyou.我爱你，不是因为你是一个怎样的人，而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉。1.Nomanorwomanisworthyourtears,andtheonewhois,won‘tmakeyoucry.没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。（二）英语多用抽象词、概括力强，词义范围宽；汉语用词倾向于具体?correctnessdependencecommercializationabstractionjealousyarroganceirregularity&&&&?flexibilitydedicationdissatisfaction例如：1.Imarveledattherelentlessdeterminationoftherain.雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊奇。1.Inthefutureyouwillbeexposedtomoreandmorechoice,notless.将来你会越来越多地碰到需要作出选择的情况，而不会比现在少。（三）、满足译文修辞上的需要（p65）Womenscreamed,andkidshowled,butthemenstoodsilent,watching,interestedintheoutcome.*（四）、满足译文语境的需要Althoughwinnerscanadmireandrespectotherpeople,theyarenottotallydefined,demolished,bound,orawedbythem.（减词）尽管会钦佩尊重他人，但他们从不为其所羁绊。优劣判断1.Youarereallyaphilosopher.A.你可真是一个科学家。B.你可真想得开。2.Johnwasafoolfordanger.A.约翰对于危险来说是个傻孩子。B.约翰是天不怕地不怕的。3.Thisisan―egg-and-hen‖question.A.这是一个“鸡蛋和鸡”的问题。B.这是一个”先有鸡还是先有蛋”的问题。C.这是一个长期争论不休的问题。4.Businesstookmetotown.A.公务把我带到了城里。&&&&B.我因事进城去了。C.公务伴我进城。Chapter4SkillsonVocabularyTranslation(Ⅱ)Revision1.Shehadsuchafrightthatshefainted.2.冬天到了，春天还会远么？Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?Warmingup1.装孙子topaydirtytrick/makeascene2.吃软不吃硬Tobeopentopersuasionbutnottocoercion3.一个唱红脸一个唱白脸onecoaxeswhiletheothercoerces增词法练习：1.Itwillbegrowingdarkbeforewegethome.2.Heseemedtohavebeenveryrich.3.IwishIcouldhavegonetogetherwithhim.4.Itsoquietintheroomthatyoucanhearthedropofapin.5.Heintendstodropnames.6.Their―may-December‖marriageendedinastormydivorce.7.Betweensewing,cleaningandraisingherchildren,themotherwaskeptbusyalldaylong.8.Thisyounggirlmodeledbetweenhusbands.9.Peoplevary.There‘snoaccountingfortastes.10.Timetriesall.Chapter5SkillsonVocabularyTranslation(1)一、教学内容：&&&&移植法（Transplant）；词汇增减法(AmplificationandOmission)；词类转换法(Conversion)；反译法(Negation)；分译法(Division)；释义法(Paraphrase)；加注法（Annotation）二、教学要求：直接移植和音译；词类转换法；正反、反正表达法；分译法；释义法；加注法；掌握词义的选择、引申和褒贬。Warmingup1.全面建设小康社会TobuildarelativelycomfortablesocietyacrossthecountryTobuildawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway2.素质教育competence-orientededucationquality-orientededucation3.自我标榜self-claimed5.1.词汇转类法（Conversion）1.Thisisalessonforvocabularyextension.这一课的内容是如何扩大词汇量。2.有必要对美国过去一年来侵犯人权的情况作一全面的透视。ItisnecessarytoprobeintothehumanrightsabusesintheUnitedStatesin.1英语的名词汉语的动词的转换一般来说英语多用抽象名词，汉语多用动词1.Hisrealmissioninlifewastocontribute,inonewayoranother,totheoverthrowofruthlessdictators.换句话说，他毕生的使命就是为了推翻无情的独裁统治。2.Hisacceptanceofbribesledtohisarrest.*他因受贿而被捕。3.他踌躇了一会，终于决定还是自己送我去。*Butaftermuchhesitationhefinallydecidedtoseemeoffhimself.4.我初到杭州，第一遭去访问的山水是西湖。*DuringmyfirstvisittoHangzhou,thefirstplaceIwenttowastheXihuLake.&&&&3.Theworldisblindedbyhisfortuneandconsequence,orfrightenedbyhishighandimposingmanners.*译文：他有钱有势，蒙蔽了天下人的耳目，他那目空一切，盛气凌人的气派又吓坏了天下人。练习名词变动词1.Youarereallyaphilosopher.你可真想得开。2.AftersixmonthsofseparationIstillmissedherasmuchasever.分别了六个月之久，我依然一如既往地想念她。一、动词译成名词（p78）1.Asthewarprogressed,hewouldsymbolizetheirfrustrations,theembodimentofallevils.*2.Hedirectsatestingcenter.译文：他是一个试验中心的主任。3.Whotravelsforlovefindsathousandmilesnotlongerthanone.译文：在爱人眼里，一千里的旅程不过一里。二.感觉动词可考虑转换城名词。(p79)1.Theflowerssmellsweet.这些花气味芬芳。2.Ittastestoomuchofgarlic.这东西大蒜的味道太重。5.1.2形容词与动词的相互转换p801.Sheseemedtooignorantofthewaysoftheworld.*2.HewassuspiciousofthewilyPete.*3.Theoldmanlayallnightonhissleeplessbed.*4.Hestudiedlawinhissparetimeandbecomealawyer.Hewasagoodspeakerandstudentofpoliticalphilosophy.*他利用业余时间研究法律，后来当了律师。他擅长演说，深谙政治哲学。5.Ifyou（boys）areaminutelate,shecomplainsit‘shardtowait.Ifsheislate,shesaysthat‘sagirl‘sway.&&&&你若是迟到一分钟，她会抱怨等的多累多苦。要是她自己迟到，她会说女孩子约会迟到是理所当然的。练习形容词转换动词1.Ihavetobecautious.我必须小心谨慎。2.没有原则的人最不可靠。Themanwithoutprincipleisthelasttobetrusted.3.Ifyouarejealous,shesaysit?sbad，Ifyoudont,shethinksyoudonotloveher.如果你吃醋，她会说这样是不对的;可是如果你一点不吃醋，她又会认为你根本不爱她。5.1.3副词与汉语动词之间的转换1.Hefacesussilentlyforaminute.*2.去年这种帽子流行了一阵。*Thishatwasinforawhilelastyear.练习副词转换成动词1.Shesatsilentlyforamoment,andthenstartedweeping.2.Thatdayhewasoutbeforesunrise.3.letalonearrogantlytellingthemwhattodo更没有资格对其他国家颐指气使、发号施令5.1.4英语介词短语与汉语动词之间的转换p821.Heisafterneitherfamenorgain.他既不求名也不求利。2.Areyoufororagainsttheplan?3.TheletterIiscommonlyusedforcurrent,Rforresistance.通常用字母I表示电流，用R表示电阻。5.1.5英语介词词组和汉语副词的相互转换p83?介词加名词译成汉语后需要转换成副词1.Helookedatmeinamazement.*&&&&2.Hegreetedhimwithduecourtesy.*3.父亲不赞成地看着他。Fatherlookedathimindisapproval.5.1.6英语名词与汉语形容词的互相转换1.Thereisnoimmediatehurry.这件事不急。2.Theexperimentwasasuccess.这个实验是成功的。3.Thefactshaveshowntheobjectivityandcorrectnessofthereport.事实证明了这一报告是客观而正确的。练习英语名词-汉语形容词1.Hiswordsanddeedstestifytohishonesty.*p85他的言行证明他是诚实的。2.ButSydneyOperaHouseisremarkableforanotherreason:itisacompleteone-off.但是悉尼歌剧院之所以引人注目还有一个原音：它完全是独一无二的。3.她美丽善良，深受学生爱戴。P101Shewaslovedbyherclassmatesforherbeautyandkindness.5.1.7副词和形容词的相互转换1.Thisissheernonsense.这完全是胡说。2.Since1978,everythinginChinahasgreatlychanged.自从1978年以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。3.Hespentananxiousdayinthelockup.*p86他在拘留所里焦急地熬过了一天。综合练习1.Manmightthinkthatfewwomenfithimbeforehismarriage,andcontrarilywhentheygetmarried.男人在结婚前觉得适合自己的女人很少，结婚后觉得适合自己的女人很多。&&&&1.于千万人之中，遇见你所遇见的人；于千万年之中，时间的无涯荒野里，没有早一步，也没有晚一步，刚巧赶上了。Amongthousandsofpeople,youmeetthoseyou‘vemet.Throughthousandsofyears,withtheboundlessnessoftime,youhappentomeetthem,neitherearliernorabittoolate.词类转换练习1.Thestreetsaremarkedbyanabsenceofcolor.2.Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.3.Weareenemiesofallwars,butaboveallofdynasticwars.4.Afterseveralblocks,hefoundanemptyparkbench.Chapter5SkillsonVocabularyTranslation(2)Warmingup1.以经济建设为中心Focusoneconomicconstruction2.建设有中国特色的社会主义理论ThetheoryofbuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics3.Studentsarestillarriving.译文一：学生们还正在来。译文二：学生还没有到齐。4.IllseeyoudeadbeforeIacceptyourterm.见你的鬼去，我才不会接受你的条件呢。反译法p87所谓反译(Negation)则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。下面是一些从反面着眼，将肯定句译成否定句的例子，这些译文显然要比从正面译自然得多：1.Theoldmanlayawakealmostthewholenight.老人几乎一夜没有合眼。2.Theteacherreallyhasanopenmind.老师真的没有偏见。3.Heisstrangetocompliment.他不爱听恭维话。&&&&4.Pleasewithholdthedocumentforthetimebeing.请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）5.他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。Hestillcouldnotunderstandme.(正译)Stillhefailedtounderstandme.(反译)6.在美国，人人都能买到枪。IntheUnitedStates,everyonecanbuyagun.(正译)IntheUnitedStates,gunsareavailabletoeveryone.(反译)7.他突然想到了一个新主意。Suddenlyhehadanewidea.(正译)Anewideasuddenlyoccurredto/struckhim.（反译）8.无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。Shecanhardlyberatedasabrightstudent.(正译)Sheisanythingbutabrightstudent.(反译)9.Wetpaint.*油漆未干。Exercises:1.Itisbettertoeatthewrongfoodthansaythewrongwords.2.Remembranceofthepastistheguideforthefuture.3.Rottenwoodisneverusedforpillars.4.ItwasallIcoulddonottolaugh.5.Theyarebook-learned.6.Leavewellalone.（肯定译为否定）不要画蛇添足。7.YourtemperismorethanIcanbear.8.Whydidyouwithholdevidence?9.Istayedathomelastnight.*肯定形式，否定意义&&&&动词：miss,neglect,fail,ignore,deny,refuse名词：failure,ignorance,absence,lack形容词：free,absent,last,short副词：too，otherwise介词：beyond,above,before连接词：unless,or正话反说1.Thebombmissedthetarget.2.Hisignoranceinhistoryresultedinhisfailureintheinterview.3.Hischildhoodisfreefromanxiety.4.Hisconductisabovereproach.反话正说1.Icantagreewithyoumore.2.Ifallthreeofyoutakepartinit,therecanbenofurtherquestioningofyourcourage.3.p9027)反译法练习：1.Onlythreecustomersremainedinthebar.2.KeepUpright!3.Pleasetenderexactfare.4.Agreeablesweetness.5.Ihavereadyourarticles,butIexpecttomeetanolderman.6.Appearanceisdeceptive.第五章（3）Revision（反译法Negation）1.Mucheffortwasmadeindeterminingbetweenthetwoschoolsofpainting.2.Thenaughtyboyisfarfromhonestandhisexcuseisprettythin.5.3分译法(拆离)Division(p92)&&&&1.InChina,they―mademistakes‖,sufferedbythem,acknowledgedandstudiedthem,thusplannedvictory.在中国他们“犯过错误”，吃过错误的苦头，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的计划。2.Donotforgetpreviousexperiencesbuttakethemaslessonsforgenerations.前事不忘后事之师。（p93）3.Imaginethatyoustepintoashoppingmallandaspyimmediatelybeginstrackingyoureverymove.*(p93)Exercises1.Theraindrummedontheeavesofhergardenflat.◇雨声如鼓点一般地打在她花园住宅的屋檐上，砰然作响。Hewasafarmer‘sson,oneofsevenchildren.5.4释义法(Paraphrase)通过解释词义来达到译文的深层对应。asdrunkasafiddlerbringdownthehouseasrichasCroesusaslikeastwopeas1.EarlyReaganwasamirrorimageofearlyCarter.里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。*2.Ihaveletthecatoutofthebagalready,andImightaswelltellthewholethingnow.我已经泄露了秘密，我干脆把全部情况都告诉你吧。*3.我们是一个萝卜一个坑，腾不出人手来.*Wearesobusythatnoonecanbesparedforanyotherwork.。*4.IwonderwhetherheisaTrojanhorse.*我不知道她是不是个内奸。*5.Hewassmoothandagreeable.他待人处事，八面玲珑。6.IfyouthinkmeinawaytobehappierthanIdeserve,Iamquiteofyouropinion.&&&&如果你认为我的幸福来之容易，受之有愧，那我完全同意你的看法。菜名翻译释义法霸王别姬Thetyrant‘sfarewelltohisconcubineSoft-shelledturtleandchickensoup翡翠虾仁Stir-friedshrimpswithgreenpeas宫保鸡丁Dicedchickenwithchiliandpeanuts论文标题以及摘要释义法论考风建设OnStrengtheningEducationinExamHonestyOnImprovementofExaminationAdministrationOnStrengtheningExamDisciplines政论文释义法1.两手抓，两手都要硬Placeequalemphasisonmaterialprogressandethicalandculturalprogresswithneitheraspectneglected2.吃大锅饭getthesamerewardorpayaseveryoneelseregardlessofone‘sperformanceinwork3.在今日中国，最引人注目的是农民企业家的出现。许多昨天还是“面朝黄土背朝天”的农民，今天成了闻名遐迩的企业家。Intoday‘sChina,themostexcitingstoryistheemergenceoffarmerentrepreneurs.Yesterday‘sweather-beatenfarmershavetodaybecomerenownedbusinesspeople.练习释义法1.GrammarmaybehisheelofAchilles.◇2.You‘dbetterpullupyoursocksnextterm.◇3.Bill‘snewgirlfriendiscertainlyaknockout.4.Theisland‘sthreenewspapersneverfeaturenudepinups.&&&&5.Theyounggirlthumbedherwaytothepassingcars.6.Clearlyatugofwaroverkeypoliciescontinuesbetweenthepragmaticandideologicalcamps.7.ARedLightforScofflaws!8.人们纷纷放弃铁饭碗，“下海”经商。5.5加注法（Annotation）AIDSSaunaHediditaJordon.couchpotato1.Itwouldbeadoginthemangertokeeptoyourselfawholelotofmaterialthatyouhavenointentionofusing.HomeworkSomeoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrows,andhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatabjectandignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeit--soatleastitseemstome--istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.WelcomeKnowledgeEconomywithaSoulEnteringthe21stcentury,thedevelopedcountriesarefacingacommonproblem:shortageoftalent,notfunds,andlackoflatestknowledge,notlatestinformation.Knowledgehasbecomeacrucialfactorintheprogressofacountry.Thesystematicapplicationofrdevantknowledgetoeconomymakeswhatwenowgenerallycallknowledgeeconomy.Onlythrougheducationandtraining,whichpeoplereceivefromoutside,canthehugevolumeofinformationbeturnedintosystematicknowledge.Knowledgeasafactorinproductionisasoldaslandandlabor.Yet,becauseofthefastgrowthanddrasticchangesofmodemknowledgeinitsintegrationwitheconomy,industries,science,technologyandinnovation,knowledge-basedeconomyhasevolvedwithoverallimpacts.Whenknowledge--notbusinessprofitsexclusively-becomestheleadingforceofeconomicactivities,societyislikelytoseethecomingofknowledgeeconomywithasoul.Thesoulrepresentstheconscienceofsociety.Knowledgeeconomy&&&&withasoulisonethatseekstheparticipationofthecommunity,socialjusticeandsocialresponsibilityinadditiontoprofits.(参考译文)接：梦醒来是谁在窗台把结局打开那薄如蝉翼的未来经不起谁来拆Dressedingownofpurebright,yougavemefaiththatyourlovewillneverlie.Raindropswerefallingwhenyoucamealongandsadnesswasbornwhereupon,leavingmecountlessteardropstoeasemyfrightHowImournthedayswhenyoupickedthelotusinthetwilight.Andwiththatlonesomeboat,younevercameback.Timecarriesawayeverypetalandtide,thepastisnothingbutvoidandheartfeltcries.Ourdestinywasunveiledaftermyroamingdreamstooktheirflight,leavingmewithinfinitefearforthepalefuturewithoutyouholdingmetight.1.1.句子的翻译第一节英语理解中的难点及翻译对策第二节英语“三态”、“一气”的翻译要点第三节英语名词，修饰词的译法(动态静态)第四节英语三大从句及特殊句型的译法第五节英语长句的翻译第一节英语理解中的难点及翻译对策Warmingup1.Pullsomebody‘sleg2.Cantheleopardchangehisspots?3.Hisfurywasexaggerated.英语理解中的难点及翻译对策一、常用短语，常用词和习惯用法1.―WhatdoyouthinkofTom?‖“Oh,hehasnothinginhim.‖2.―MaryhasdecidedtomarryHenryinthevillagechurch!‖“Thecheekofher!‖&&&&3.LIamhisman.4.Iwon‘tdoittosavemylife.5.Butthemasterofthehousewashismother.Shewastwicethemanhersonwas,theysaid.6.Ihavereadyourarticles.Iexpectedtomeetanolderman.7.―Whensheandhemetagain,eachhadbeenmarriedtoanother.8.Hehadbeenfaithfultothe14-year-oldVicar‘sdaughterwhomhehadworshippedonhiskneesbuthadneverledtothealtar.二、上下文推断多义词（diction）1.Fromlifetodeathisman‘sreach.人生历程就是从生到死。…thisisonlypartofthepicture,however.Americaisavastcountryand…这仅仅是问题的一个侧面。美国幅员辽阔…三.思维方式和逻辑推理1.Idon‘tthinkwehaveaskedforanythingthattheyhaven‘tdone.2.Heoughttoknowbetterthantocomeintothehousewithoutwipinghisshoes.四、习语（谚语，俗语，俚语）1.乌烟瘴气2.落花流水3.allatsea4.sickasadog5.dog-tired6.Therehadbeenameetingoftheminds.&&&&7.awalkingskeleton8.Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。五、修饰手段1.Theshipplowsthesea.2.Cryingistherefugeofplainwomenbuttheruinofprettyones.OscarWilde六、词语的分隔和词语的关联1.Newscamethroughonthewirelessofarichoilfieldnearthesea.无线电传来近海发现丰富石油的消息。2.Manysketchesareinexistenceofpeasantsseatedbytheroadsideandmenandwomenatworkinthefields.Exercises:1.Oursonmustgotoschool.Hemustbreakoutofthepotthatholdsusin.我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要争口气。2.Ican‘tseeanyrealbasisformarriageexceptintermsofitsbeingamechanicalunitthatsocietymusthavetoexist.我看婚姻没有真正的基础可言。这个社会赖以存在的许许多多家庭，无非就是柴米油盐地过日子，多数夫妻之间谈不上什么爱情。判断：选出最恰当的一项1.Acauselesseventorthing,wecanthinkofanymorethanwecanofastickwithonlyoneend.A.我们不可能设想有哪件事情或事件是无缘无故发生的，就像我们不能设想有哪根棍子会有一头一样。B.一件无缘无故的事情是我们无法想到的，我们到可以想到一根棍子只有一端。C.任何事情的发生都不可能是无缘无故的，正如一根棍子不可能只有一端一样。2.Shemakesagoodteacher,asshehasagoodstudent.A.她原先是个好学生，现在是个好老师。&&&&B.她制造好老师，正像她有一个好学生一样。C.她成为好老师，正像她有一个好学生。3.―Doyouthinkalltheprogramsaregood?‖“No,Idon‘t.Someoftheprogramsareinteresting.Butotherscouldbebetter.‖A.您认为所有的节目都好么？不。有些节目有意思，但有的还不够精彩。B.您认为所有的节目都好么？不。有些节目有意思，但其他节目还可能好一些。C.您认为所有的节目都好么？有些节目好，但其他的不好。第二节英语“三态”、“一气”的翻译要点是指英语的时态、情态、语态和虚拟语气一、英语时态的翻译二、英语情态动词及特殊情态动词的翻译三、关于语态的翻译问题四、关于虚拟语气的翻译问题1.awetblanket令人扫兴的人2.can‘tbeovervalued评价再高也不过分3.他们的婚姻是“老夫少妻”式的，最后吵得一塌糊涂，以离婚而告终。Their―May-December‖marriageendedinastormydivorce.4.Onemeetshisdestinyontheroadhetakestoavoidit.当你试图要避开命运时，往往会与之不期而遇。一、英语时态的翻译1.现在进行时。一般加“正在”、“在”。“tobedoing+adj.‖或“tobedoing+n.‖的句型需要特殊处理。1.Iamstayingwithmyfriend.我目前正在朋友家住。2.OldMr.Smithiswearingwell.3.“I‘mchangingmyquarters.Iwilldropinandleavethenewaddress.‖&&&&“我快搬家了。我随后再来把新地址给你们留下吧。”1.Heisalwaystelling,neverdoing.2.Thatboyisbeingagoodboythewholeday.3.Yourbrotherisbeingdifficult.2.过去进行时。ShewasstudyinginEnglandthen.3.将来进行时Youcanhavemytypewriter.Iwon‘tbeusingit.你可以把我的打字机拿去用，这会儿我不用。4.现在完成进行时IhavebeenhopingI‘dhaveachancetoseethefilm.我一直盼望着有个机会看这部电影。5.过去完成进行时Nobodyknewwhatthisrascalhadbeendoingalltheseyears.没有人知道这个家伙这些年都在干些什么。6.将来完成进行时Inanothermonth‘time,she‘llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.再过一个月，她再这里学习就满三年了。7.过去将来进行时态我做梦也没有想到我会坐在这里和其他代表一道共商国是。IneverdreamedIwouldbesittingherediscussingstateaffairswiththeotherdeputies.8.过去将来完成进行时Theytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他们告诉我，到年底时他们在一起工作就要满30年了。二、英语情态动词及特殊情态动词的翻译&&&&情态动词13个，分为8项目。?can/?dare/dared?may/?must??ought?shall/?will/would（一）八类情态动词的基本概念及汉语对应翻译词。1.can/could能力、客观可能性、建议、推论、感叹、委婉1.Anultimatum?Youcan‘tmeanthat!2.I‘mafraidwecouldn‘tgiveyouananswertoday.恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。3.Everybodypaysattentiontoeverybodyelse—butnooneisignored—youcan‘tstarve,youcan‘tbesickalone,youcan‘tlieinjuredunattended,youcan‘thavehiddenorundiscussedproblemsforlongiftheyaffectyourworkoryourrelationswithpeople.2.dare/dared敢于、不满、反诘1.Ifregardlessoftheconsequences,youdaretakethebitchinmarriage,Iwillgiveyouthetimeofday.1.Yousaidyouknewwhat‘sahead.IdaresayyoudidbutImustremindyou:youareheadingforapitfallnotmeantforyou.3.may/might表示允许、可能性、祝愿、训令、建议、征询意见等1.Mayyousucceed.祝你成功。2.Mayourfriendshiplastforever.愿我们的友谊地久天长。4.Must必要性、推测、主张以及不耐烦的情绪等1.Thatmustappeartohimtooimpossibleapieceofgoodluck.Hemustwonderatit,atthewaytheyhavetakenhimup.&&&&对他来说这是在是一种可望而不可及的好运。他一定感到非常奇怪，为什么福星高照，他们这样抬举他？1.Hemustalwayshavehisownway.2.AsIwassittingdowntosupper,thetelephonemustring.正当我坐下来用晚餐时，偏偏电话铃响了。5.need需要、不必、无需、不一定、没必要、诘问1.Needyoudropashallovermybestcarpet?你往我这么漂亮的地毯上到处撒烟灰，好意思吗？1.Exercisesneedn‘tbedistastefulandcanoftenbeeffectiveasanemotionalaswellasphysicalrelease.6.ought应该Yououghttoseeher.Sheisseriouslyill.7.shall/should意愿、意向、命令、义务、询问IfIdidn‘twalkeverydayIshouldexpire.我一天不散步就会断气的。8.will/would意向、命令、假设、推断1.Boyswillbeboys.。(习惯或倾向性)2.AsIwouldnotbeaslave,soIwouldnotbeamaster.Thisexpressesmyideaofdemocracy.我绝不会去当奴隶，同样我也绝不会成为奴隶主。这就是我的民主观。（二）某些情态动词后加进行时1.Hecan‘tbetellingthetruth.他说的不可能是真话。2.Mumisgettingmoreandmoreforgetful–sheforgotnamesandsheisforgettingfacesnowadays!1.Theyarelikingwhatevertheythinkisnew.Whenartificialeyelidsarego-go,theyrushtoswitchon.&&&&（三）英语句子的情态动词1.Awomancouldasknomore.一个女人不能再要求更多的了。【变换句式】一个女人还能要求什么呢？2.Itwouldamounttoputtingthecartbeforethehorse.这等于把车子放到马前面。【变换句式】?3.Loveismutual.Noneedtohangon.Youcangetoverhimifyoutryandyoumust.Exercises1.Thepolicearelookingfortheone-arm-driver.2.Youarebeingfoolish.优劣判断1.Youarebeingstupid.A.你在故意装傻。B.你在愚蠢。C.你正在愚蠢。2.Youarebeingmerelychildish.A.你这样做简直是孩子气。B.你只是孩子气。C.你只是正在孩子气。3.Alltheboystherearebeingquiet.Iwonderwhatthey‘reup.A.男孩子们现在都停止了吵闹。真想知道他们在搞什么名堂。B.男孩子们现在都正在安静。真想知道他们在搞什么名堂。C.男孩子们都在那儿规规矩矩的。我真不知道他们要搞什么花样。4.Couldyouhavethoughtthatagirl,sofondofreading,couldnotsenseinsuchlinestheraptureandtheanguishofaboyinlove?&&&&A.你是否想到了她这么一个喜欢读书的姑娘不能再字里行间感觉出一个男孩子杂恋爱中的喜悦和痛苦。B.你本应该想到她这么一个喜欢读书的姑娘不能再字里行间感觉出一个男孩子再恋爱中的喜悦和痛苦，对么？C.难道你真的认为她这么一个喜欢读书的姑娘倒不能再字里行间感觉出一个男孩子在恋爱中的喜悦和痛苦？ExercisesAreyoutellingme?Iknowallaboutit.段落翻译：（情态动词）1.Parentshavetodomuchlessfortheirchildrentodaythantheyusedtodo,andhomehasbecomemuchlessofaworkshop.Clothescanbeboughtreadymade,washingcangotothelaundry,foodcanbeboughtcooked,cannedorpreserved,breadisbakedanddeliveredbythebaker,milkarrivesonthedoorstep,mealscanbehadattherestaurant,thework‘scanteen,andtheschooldining-room.2.Inaddition,oneclassoffamilyreasonssharesaborderwiththefollowingcategory,namely,havingchildreninordertomaintatoholdthehutorepairorrtoincreasethenumberofchildrenontheassumptionthatfamilyhappinessliesthatway.Thepointisunderlinedbyitsconverse:insomesocietiesthefailuretobearchildren(ormales)isathreattothemarriageandareadycausefordivorce.3.Inaverysimplesocialorder,itmaysufficetohavetheparentscarryontheeducationoftheirchildren.However,aswillbeshownlaterindetail,suchamethodmaybecomeentirelyuntenable,andspecialindividualsareentrustedwiththetask.Thesemaybehiredprivatelyfirst,butsoonthesocialgroup,thechurch,villageandthelikewillberesponsibleforeducation.Eventually,specialtrainingisrequiredforthosewhodotheteaching,andanagencytocontrolthistrainingisneeded.4.YouwillnoticehowkindnewSanaraistoyourhair.Seeit.Feelit.Sanara‘snaturallyderivedformulationsbringouttheshineandsmoothnessinyourhair,leavingitmanageableandhealthy.Youwon‘tactuallyseehowkindSanaraistotheenvironment,butit‘snicetoknowthatthewholerangeisbiodegradable,soitdoesn‘tpollutewaterorsoil.Andnaturally,thepackagingisrecyclable.译文一：莎娜拉是由天然配方精制而成，能使头发健康，光泽柔顺，易于梳理。莎娜拉系列都具有生物降解特性，包装可回收利用，对水土环境不会造成污染。&&&&译文二：柔情四季，莎娜拉，呵护您的秀发，爱护您的健康。天然配方，令秀发光泽柔顺。情有独钟，莎娜拉，生物降解不伤水土，爱护自然，数她第一。（第二章翻译的过程）三、关于语态的翻译问题两种情况（一）必须译为被字结构，、如“叫…”，“让…”“给…”“受到…”“遭到…”“为…所…”“是…的”“加以…”等。（二）、译为主动结构或其他结构。(一)译为汉语的被字结构或类似结构1.ThoughHamlethasbeendisappointedofthethrone,everyonerespectshim.2.Theywerecaughtintherainyesterday.3.Theyweredefeatedbythemselves,ratherthanbytheirenemies.*他们是被自己，而不是被敌人打败的。（二）译为汉语的主动结构或其他1.译为主动结构1.1Thesenseofinferioritythatheacquiredinhisyouthhasneverbeentotallyeradicated.1.Happyreunionwasmuchfeltamongthefamilymembersatthespringfestival.&&&&1.TheplaywaswrittenbyBernardShaw.*1.Someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.*1.Yourletterhasbeenreceived.*你的来信已经收到。1.党的“十六大”顺利召开了。The16thCongressofourPartywassuccessfullyconvened.*2.保留原主语，被动改主动1.Mr.Blackwasgivenaprize.2.Hislifewascutshortbycholera.3.Hewasthrownintoconfusionbythereturnofhiswife.3.用“我们”、“人们”、“大家”等表示泛指的代词充当译句主语。1.TherealmeaningofChristmashadbeenresortedtous.*2.Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthatairlinefoodisawful.*人们普遍承认，飞机上的食物非常糟糕。3.大家知道，吸烟有害健康。*4.人们普遍相信改革开放政策是正确的。*Itiscommonlybelievedthatthepo&&&&licyofreformandopeninguptotheoutsideworldiscorrect.4.译为无主句。观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等被动句1.Somepictureswerehungonthewall.2.Childrenshouldbetaughtnottolie.*&&&&3.Muchislefttobedesired.4.Qualitymustn‘tbeneglected.*5.在建造一座大桥前，必须考虑到金属受热膨胀这一因素。*Theexpansionofmetalonheatingmustbetakenintoconsiderationbeforealongmetalbridgeisbuilt.Exercises（被动语态译为无主句练习）1.Fellingtreesisforbidden.*2.Nottoomuchcanorshouldbereadintothepercentages.3.Childrenshouldbetaughttospeakthetruth.4.Mostlettersfromhiswifearereadtohimbythenurseinthehospital.5.Inaverysimplesocialorder,itmaysufficetohavetheparentscarryontheeducationoftheirchildren.However,aswillbeshownlaterindetail,suchamethodmaybecomeentirelyuntenable,andspecialindividualsareentrustedwiththetask.Thesemaybehiredprivatelyfirst,butsoonthesocialgroup,thechurch,villageandthelikewillberesponsibleforeducation.Eventually,specialtrainingisrequiredforthosewhodotheteaching,andanagencytocontrolthistrainingisneeded.英语含无灵主语的句子与汉语有灵主语的对译1.Thethoughtofreturningfilledhimwithfear.*2.Manyfactorsenterintoequipmentreliability.*很多因素都与设备的可靠性有关系。3.她一看到他就生气。*&&&&4.他们对市场经济一无所知，他们公司因而收到了很大的损失。四、关于虚拟语气的翻译问题It‘stime(或abouttime,hightime)+sb.+didsth.某人该（早该）…了1.It‘shightimehepaidattentiontohispronunciation.2.Heisquiteunfittobeseen.Hemighthaveborrowedmyrazortogetridofallthatstubbleonhisface.Exercises:IwishIcouldhaveseenthefilm.A.我希望我能够看上那场电影。B.我当时要是能够看上那场电影该多好啊！C.我希望我本来能看上那场电影。第三节英语名词，修饰词的译法Warmingup1.deadringerThatmanisadeadringerfor/ofJayChouHesadeadringerofhisfather.2.StickyGraduates英语名词特别是抽象名词在英语造句中非常活跃。在某种特定的情况下，英语名词有时可包含一个短语或句子所要传达的信息，所以译成汉语时多做扩展或具体化处理，而且其为位置的变化也很大。英语有些形容词副词在一定语境中信息载量较大，译成汉语动词时往往需要扩展表达，位置也可能要变化。如机械翻译，可读性可能会很差。6.3.1.译为条件或时间状语1.ForesightnowtellsusthattraveltoMarsisnotimpossible.&&&&1.Alittleforethoughtwouldhavesavedyoumuchtroubleafterwards.1.Furtherdelaywouldcauseusgreaterlosses.*6.3.2.化虚为实1.Thesightofhisnativeplacecalledbackhischildhood.2.SheisTsinghuavintageof.3.化“实”为“虚”1.They‘dtellyou!Theykneweveryloophole,everydodge,andeveryback-alley.他们会告诉你的！他们都知道2.…andofcourse,sosurroundedbyadmirers,shemustbedifficultinherchoice.Exercise化虚为实1.Suchsubtleflatterygothimalmosteverything.2.Hehadsurfacedwithlessvisibilityinthepolicydecisions.英语修饰语的译法一、英语形容词的译法二、英语副词的译法一、英语形容词的译法1.Heisadappersixty-three.2.Hehadsomecheerfulwineattheparty.3.Thetwoladiesgaveeachotherage-grouplooks.矛盾修饰法cruelbeautycreativedestructionopensecretlivingdeath&&&&cruelkindnessdelicioustirednesseloquentsilencepainfulpleasurebusyidlenessExercise:矛盾修饰法1.It(NewYork)hasthepoorestmillionaires,thesmallestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers,thedolefullestpleasuresofanytownIeversaw.这城市里2.Therewasanaudiblestillness,inwhichthecommonvoicesoundedstrange.英语副词的译法1.Shewasexpensivelyspoiledfromthemomentofbirth.2.Heisadmittedlyreliable.3.Wewerepleasantlysurprisedattheprofitwemade.4.Hewasasmallman,deceptivelyfrail-lookingforoneofhisimmenseenergy.1.Thisplanisopentodiscussionbudget-wise.Exercises:形容词副词练习1.Thelittlechap‘sgood-naturedhonestfacewonhiswayforhim.1.Theytakesharpexceptiontogirls‘indecentexposuretotheirneckandshouldersandmen‘beingstrippedtothewaistinpublic.1.SheregardshavingbreakfastinbedonSundaymorningasapermissibleindulgence.&&&&2.Hecancelledhisroomorder.优劣判断：Fewwentoutinsuchacuttingandblindingwind.A.在如此刺骨的风和刮得睁不开眼睛的风里，很少有人出门。B.因为刺骨的风和刮得睁不开眼睛的风，很少有人出门。C.寒风刺骨，刮得叫人睁不开眼睛。在这样恶劣的天气，很少有人出门。6.4静态—动态p英语介词—汉语动词1.AsmallplanefromKunmingcarriedusoverthemountainsandsentustoJinghong.*一架从昆明起飞的小飞机载着我们飞跃群山，把我们送到了景洪。2.Afterseveralblocks,hefoundanemptyparkbench.1.1.1.英语抽象名词译成汉语动词1.Onegrowingissueistherapidreductionintheretirementage.*P121例86.4.3英语形容词译成汉语动词Therocketingpriceofhousinghastremendouslydampenedtheenthusiasmofpotentialhousebuyer.曹操的文学才华，深深地影响了他的儿子曹丕和曹植。6.5替代和重复1.我们提倡和平共处的原则，这项原则目前在世界上已经越来越得人心了。*Wehaveadvocatedtheprincipleofpeacefulco-existence,whichisnowgrowingmoreandmorepopularintheworld.2.Bigpowershavetheirstrategieswhilesmallcountriesalsohavetheirownlines.译文:强国有强国的策略，小国有小国的路线。&&&&Warmingup1.黄昏恋romanceoftheelderly2.applepolisher3.美人痣三、英语三大从句的译法英语三大从句是英语组句的重要手段，使用频率非常高。1．名词性从句常做主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语、同位语2.形容词性从句或定语从句3.副词性从句也叫状语从句1.名词性从句1.Whileweconversewithwhatisaboveus,wedonotgrowold,butgrowyoung.与高于自己的思想交流，人不会变得年老，只会变得年轻。2.Itisn‘tmuchwhetherheworks:thequestioniswhetherheworksatall.他干多干少并不重要，问题是他到底有没有干。that从句译为感叹句，用来表示一种强烈的愿望或者惊讶、愤怒等、3.Thatabrothershouldbesoperfidious!一个作兄弟的人居然如此不义！4.Thatheshoulddosuchathing!他竟会干出这种事情来！2.形容词性从句（定语从句）的翻译（一）译成前置定语（二）译成并列分句（三）倒译法（四）译成状语从句（五）译成谓语结构、宾语结构（一）译成前置定语1.ThisisthereasonwhyIamnotinfavorofrevisingtheplan.&&&&2.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping他常常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。（二）译成并列分句1.Theywereshortofstickstomakeframesfortheclimbingvines,withoutwhichtheyieldwouldbehalved.2.Heisaprofessor,asisclearfromhismanner.3.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon‘tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallprone.4.Nearlyeveryoneknowsthestoryof―thedogworriedthecatthatcaughttheratthatatethegrainthatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.‖（三）倒译法1.YoucompareherwithyourEnglishwomenwhowolfdownfromthreandnaturallyyoufindherasylph.（四）译成状语从句1.Thethief,whowasabouttoescape,wascaughtbythepolicemen.小偷正要逃跑时，被警察抓住了。（表时间）2.Wesupporttheopentradingsystemwhichistotheultimateadvantageofall.我们支持开放的贸易制度，因为它最终对各方都是有益的。3.HelikesMissNancy,whodespiseshim.尽管南希小姐讨厌他，他却很喜欢她。（让步状语从句）（五）译成谓语结构、宾语结构Hehadabalanceathisbankwhichwouldhavemadehimbelovedanywhere.他在银行里的存款，足够使他到处受到欢迎的。（谓语结构）&&&&Quiz测试1.DearJohnletterA.情书B.分手信C.暗恋时传的小纸条2.littlesmartA.小聪明B.小灵通C.小可爱范例赏析1.Itisnotaquestionhowmuchamanknows,butwhatusehenotaquestionofwhathehasacquiredandhowhehasbeentrained,butofwhatheis,andwhathecando.2.HehasmadewhatIam.3.SheknewthatAmeliswouldtellhermother,whowouldprobablytellJoseph.优劣判断1.Ifyouwouldknowthevalueofmoney,goandtrytoborrowsome；hethatgoesforaborrowinggoesasuffering.A.要想知道钱的价值，就得体会一下借钱的滋味。因为开口向人借钱总是很不好受的。B.要想知道钱的价值，就得体会一下借钱的滋味。因为谁去借钱都得受苦。C.要想知道钱的价值，就得体会一下借钱的滋味。因为那个去借钱的人会吃苦头。2.Ifyoulearntoreadthesigns,youcantellwhetherwhatapersonsaysiswhathereallymeans,orwhether,likethemanwhosestomachdoesnotmovewhenhelaughs,heistryingtodeceiveyou.&&&&A.如果你学会理解这些姿势，你就会分辨出一个人是否口是心非，是否像那种笑里藏刀的人试图蒙蔽你。B.如果你学会理解这些姿势，你就会分辨出一个人说的是否是他真正的意思，或者他是否像那种大笑时肚子却不动的人在试图蒙蔽你。C.如果你学会理解这些姿势，你就能分辨出一个人所说的话是他真正要表达的东西，是否像那种笑里藏刀的人试图蒙蔽你。三、副词性从句的译法1.时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,(un)til,since,nowthat,once,so(as)longas,等引起2.地点状语从句wherever3.原因状语从句as,because,since,for,seeingthat,notthat…butthat,nowthat4.目的状语从句that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase5.结果状语从句that,sothat,6.条件状语从句if,unless,suppose,supposing,incase,sofaras7.让步状语从句although,nomatter(―wh-‖clause),evenif,eventhough,however,whatever8.比较状语从句than或as9.方式状语从句as,asif,ratherthan,according,as1.连词的使用可以省略1.Hemustbeill,forheisabsent.他肯定是病了，因为他没有来。他没有来，肯定（是）病了。2.Asthedesertislikeasea,soisthecamellikeaship.正如沙漠像海，因此骆驼就像一只船。如果说沙漠像大海，那么骆驼就像航行在大海上的一只船。沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。英语特殊句型的翻译提要：惯用法以及一些翻译难度较大的句型1.It做先行主语和先行宾语&&&&Itisnotcommonforhimtoreceiveletters.他难得接到几封信。Ihavehearditremarkedbyastatesmanofhighreputationthatmostgreatmenhavediedofovereatingthemselves.我曾听到一位有名望的政治家说过，大部分伟人都是因为吃得太多而送命的。2.强调句型Itisonlyshallowpeoplewhojudgebyappearance.只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。3.Something(much)of,nothing(little)ofHeisverymuchofagentleman.他颇有绅士风度。Heismoreofascholarthanateacher.与其说他是教师，不如说他是学者。Heknowssomethingofeverything.4.同格名词修饰Thosepigsofgirlseatsomuch.Shewasanangelofawife.Thechildisatreasureofason.5.as…as…can(may)beItisasplainasplaincanbe.那是再明白也不过了。Youareaswrongaswrongcanbe.SinceIhavebeeninprisonhehasalwaysbeencomingtoseeme,andattimeshewouldtalktome,andwasasgoodtomeascouldbe.自从我入狱以来，他常来看我；有时和我谈话，亲切的不得了。6.Tomake…of使…成为，把…当作Sheoftenmakesaheroofherhusband.她常把她丈夫当成英雄，推崇备至。&&&&Shehasmadeaconquestofhim.7.否定+butThereisnoonebuthopestoberich.8.cannot…too…结构Youcannotbetoocareful.Thatwhichisgoodcannotbedonetoosoon.好事做得越快越好。9.Only(not,all,but,never)too...todosoIshallbeonlytoopleasedtodomybest.我很高兴尽力去做。Theyarealltoosatisfiedtotaketheopinionsofotherswithoutthepainofthoughtforthemselves.他们都非常满足接受别人的意见，而自己懒得去思考问题。范例赏析：1.Truegreatnesshaslittle,ifanything,todowithrankorpower.2.Abookmaybecomparedtoyourneighbor,ifbad,youcannotgetridofittooearly.3.Ofmanythousandsparepartsdoesnotcomeuptothestandardbutone.A.在成千上万个备件中，除了一个备件不合格，其他没有一个不合格。B.在成千上万个备件中，只发现一个不合格。C.在成千上万个备件中，就一个合格。第五节英语长句的翻译句子的分译（*）一、句子的分译即把一个由多个成分盘根错节地组合而成的英语长句分译成若干个较短的汉语。例如：1.Forafamilyoffour,forexample,itismoreconvenientaswellascheapertositcomfortablyathome,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,thantogooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere.&&&&2.Therealchallengesarehowtocreatesystemswithmanycomponentsthatcanworktogetherandchange,mergingthephysicalworldwiththedigitalworld.*3.不幸在他三岁的时候，父亲去世了，母子无依无靠，处境更加艰难。注：1）汉语长句含有疑问句，感叹和反问句时候，英译要分译，例：盛夏炎日，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉，加上清风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！2）汉语长句内若有概括句，英译时往往要分译。例如：在全国人民反帝爱国斗争的压力下，北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生，撤销三个卖国贼的职务，拒绝在対德合约上签字，反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。二、搭配关系的语言差异。例如：1.Hesmiledatthat,witharuefulcurveofhislips,buthiseyeswerealightwithanemotionshewasafraidtoidentify.*2.Bothpeaksaremajesticallytoweringhighmountainsandareblessedwithparadisestatus,orinChineseShangri-la.*英语长句的翻译五个步骤：一、削去枝蔓，找出主干；二、条分缕析，理清关系；三、确定单位，各个击破；四、调整搭配，重新组合；五、核对原句，润饰译句&&&&一、削去枝蔓，找出主干。例如：AWorldBankreportreleasedatthetimeoftheconference,whichendedon10November,insiststhatVietnamsoverallgrowthwilldependmoreonitsownpoliciesthanonthevolumeofexternalfinancing.*Theideaofafishbeingabletogenerateelectricitystrongenoughtolightsmallbulbs,eventorunanelectricmotor,isalmostunbelievable.*二、条分缕析，理清关系。例如：Thispreferenceforexogamy,Guttmannsuggests，mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage，which，thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother，allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.三、确定单位，各个击破1.―Alas!‖saidawidow,speakingofherbrilliantandcarelessson,―hehasnotthegiftofcontinuance.‖*2.Afteronemoreassignment,BellresignedasajournalisttostandforParliamentinEngland.*赏析：T‘aorepresentstomethatstrangecharacteristicofChineseculture,acuriouscombinationofdevotiontothefleshandarroganceofthespirit,ofspiritualitywithoutasceticismandmaterialismwithoutsensuality,inwhichthesensesandthespirithavecometolivetogetherinharmony.Fortheidealphilosopherisonewhounderstandsthecharmofwomenwithoutbeingcoarse,wholoveslifeheartilybutlovesitwithrestraint,andwhoseestheunrealityofthesuccessesandfailuresoftheactiveworld,andstandssomewhataloofanddetached,withoutbeinghostiletoit.四、调整搭配，重新组合1、按时间顺序。例如：Humanhistorybeganwhentheinheritanceofgeneticsandbehaviorwhichhaduntilthenprovidedtheonlywayofdominatingtheenvironmentwasfirstbrokenthroughbyconsciouschoice.&&&&2、按逻辑顺序。例如：AWorldBankreportreleasedatthetimeoftheconference,whichendedon10November,insiststhatVietnamsoverallgrowthwilldependmoreonitsownpoliciesthanonthevolumeofexternalfinancing.3、逻辑和时间融于一体。例如：1.Shekickedhershoesandsteppedintoapairofslipperswhichwerewithoutshoesshelostsomeofhereleganceandheight.*2.Themotivesofthebestactionswillnotbeartoostrictanenquiry.Itisallowedthatthecauseofmostactions,goodorbad,mayberesolvedintotheloveofourselves:Buttheself-loveofsomemeninclinandtheself-loveofothersiswhollyemployedinpleasingthemselves.Thismakesthegreatdistinctionbetweenvirtueandvice.Religionisthebestmotiveofallactions,yetreligionisallowedtobethehighestinstanceofself-love.第四节英语长句的翻译一、拆离法二、改变顺序法三、插入法四、重组法1.拆离法1)Ididn‘tmeananyparticularharm,butsolongasrebukesaregoing,Imightsayitwasn‘tquiteyouraffairtojumptheconclusionthatwecouldn‘tchangeanynotethatyoumighthappentobecarryingaround.Onthecontrary,wecan.&&&&2)OnehundredyearsafterNapoleon‘sbriefstayinEgyptin,whichopenedEgypt‘seyestotheworld,theEgyptianpoliticalleaderMustaphaKamelstruggledagainsttheBritishoccupiers.3）Thepresidentsaidatapressconferencedominatedbyquestionsonyesterday‘selectionresultsthathecouldnotexplainwhytheRepublicanshadsufferedsuchawidespreaddefeat,whichintheendwoulddeprivetheRepublicanPartyoflong-heldsuperiorityinthehouse.4）behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.2.改变顺序法1）SuchishumannatureintheWestthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhitecollarworkers.2）.…andshenevermissedafuneral.Sheexcusedthispreferencebysayingthat,ifshedidnotgotootherpeople‘sfunerals,theywouldnotcometohers.3）每天下午4，5点钟喝上一杯茶，吃一点烤面包或饼干，相互之间再聊几句，这种情景在英国到处可见。3.插入法1.Holdfasttolife…butnotsofastthatyoucannotletgo.Thisisthesecondsideoflife‘scoin,theoppositepoleofitsparadox:wemustacceptourlosses,andlearnhowtoletgo.&&&&2.OnthemarblefireplaceinthemathematicsbuildingatPrincetonUniversityiscarved,intheoriginalGerman,whatonemightcallhis(Einstein‘s)scientificcredo:―Godissubtle,butheisnotmalicious.‖4.重组法IthasbeenmorethanayearsinceAlfredJackson,a38-year-oldBrooklynplumber,wasshotandkilledbyaneighborbecauseMr.Jacksonwantedtoparkinthespotwherethemanwaswalkinghisdog.范例赏析Mymother,JaneLamptonClemens,diedinher88thyear,amightyageforonewhoat40wassodelicateofbodyastobeaccountedaconfirmedinvaliddestinedtopasssoonaway.EXERCISES:1.Thenormalpatternofeyecontactwhentwopeopleareengagedinconversationisthatthespeakeronlylooksatthelistenerfromtimetotime,inordertoassurehimselfthatthelatterislisteningandgraspingwhatisbeingsaid.2.Today‘smagazinescarefullyinstructtheirreadersonthekindofclothesandmannersthatwillhelpthemgetajob,findamate,andingeneral,leadasuccessfullife.优劣判断1.WhenSmithwasdrunkheusedtobeandthenextmorning,withaheadache,hewouldrailattheworldforitsneglectofhisgenius,andabuse,withagooddealofcleverness,andsometimeswithperfectreason,thefools,hisbrotherpainters.A.史密斯喝醉时常常殴打老婆和女儿；第二天早晨，虽然头疼，还抱怨世界忽视他的天才，接着又很聪明地有时又是很有道理地谩骂那些傻瓜们—它的画家同行。&&&&B.史密斯喝醉时常常殴打老婆和女儿，第二天早晨还头疼，还抱怨世界忽视他的天才，非常聪明地有时又是颇有道理地骂那些傻瓜们—他的画家同行。C.史密斯喝醉时常常殴打老婆和女儿，第二天早上虽然还在头疼，仍然继续发酒疯：不是满嘴牢骚就是骂骂咧咧。他抱怨世人都不赏识他的才华；他痛骂他的画家同行都是笨蛋，骂得不但讥诮，而且有时也头头是道。2.Andheknewhowashamedhewouldhavebeenifshehadknownhismotherandthekindofplaceinwhichhewasborn,andthekindofpeopleamongwhomhewasborn.A.他知道如果她知道了他的母亲是谁，知道了他出生在这种地方，出生在这一类人中间，那他该是如何的丢人。B.他知道她要是知道了他的母亲是什么样的人，他出生的地方的种类，她出生在什么样的人中间，他会是如何的丢人！C.他有着这样的母亲，出生在这样的地方和这样一类人中间。他很清楚，如果这些让她全知道的话，他该多么丢面子！Homework:Inoursocietythereisagrowingdislikeoforiginal,creativemen.Themanipulatethemanipulatorsfearthem.Thetidycommitteemenregardthemwithhorror,knowingthatnopigeonhole‘scanbefoundforthem.Wecoulddowithafeworiginal,creativemeninourpoliticallife—ifonlytocreatesomeenthusiasm,releasesomeenergy—butwherearethey?Weareaskedtochoosebetweenvariousshadesofthenegative.改错1.原文：我怀疑是他打碎了窗户。Idoubtthathebrokethewindow.2.原文：因为交通拥挤，我想她上课会迟到的。I‘msureshe‘llbelateforclassbecauseofthecrowdedtraffic.3.原文：他们一旦懂得了保护区的重要意义，就会慷慨相助。Oncetheyunderstandtheimportantideaofthecauseofestablishingtheprotectedarea,theywillhelpgenerouslywithmoney.&&&&4.原文：AdelaideenjoysaMediterraneanclimate.译文：阿德莱德享有地中海型气候。5.原文：能为他的这本散文集子作序，我觉得很荣幸。译文：towriteaprefacetothiscollectionofhisessaysgivesmeagreathonor.6.原文：Icouldhardlycontainmycuriosity.译文：我简直无法包含我的好奇心。7.原文：Drivingdrunkmeansanautomaticfine.译文：酒后驾车意味着理所当然的罚款。8.Thereisnooneofusbutwishestogototheexhibition.译文：没有谁想去看展览。9.原文：发展是硬道理。译文Developmentisthehardprinciple.10.原文：Dontlosetimeindoingyourhomework.译文：别在做作业上浪费时间。【2001年8级测试汉译英】乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓①，他说，“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的②，好环境便会给人好心情③。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园④，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所⑤。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动⑥，有益于身心健康⑦。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段⑧：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣⑨，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息⑩。”Inhislateryears(Lateinhislife),QiaoYuhasbecomeenamoredoffishing(developedapenchant/specialfondnessforfishing).Heasserts:―Mostlyspeaking,aplacewithwaterandfishmustnecessarilybeblessedwithanicesetting,whichinreturnkeepspeopleingoodmood.Ibelievethattheoptimumfishingplacesarenotthosecommercialfishingcenterswhichprovidethefishermenwithalltheconveniencesandwherefisharekepthungryforreadycapture,butthosenaturally-formedplacesinthewildernesswhichexertaspecialappeal.‖Accordingtohim,fishingcanconstituteanactivityconducivetothecultivationofone‘stemperamentandtoone‘shealth,atoncephysicalandpsychological.QiaoYuclaims:―Fishingcanbedividedintothreestages.Thefirststageconsistsofmere&&&&fish-thesecondacombinationoffish-eatingandthepleasure(enjoyment)thethirdprimarilythepleasureoffishingwhen,confrontedwithapondofclearwater,oneputsasideallhistroublingvexationsandannoyancesandenjoysthetotalrelaxationbothmentallyandphysically.‖日英语专业八级汉译英试题原文手机改变了人与人之间的关系。通常有注意到会议室的门上的告示,写着“关闭手机。”然而,会议室仍然充满着铃声。我们都是普通人,没有很多重要的事情。但是,我们也不愿轻易关闭手机。打开手机象征着我们与世界的联系。手机反映出我们的社交饥渴。我们经常看到,一个人走着走着,就突然停下来了,眼睛盯着他的手机,不管他在那里,无论是在道路中心或旁边有厕所。译文一：Cellphonehasalteredhumanrelations.Thereisusuallyanoteonthedoorofconferenceroom,whichreadscloseyourhandset.However,theringsarestillresoundingintheroom.Weareallcommonpeopleandhavelittleurgencytodo.Still,wearereluctanttoturnoffthephone.Cellphonesymbolizesourconnectionwiththeworldandreflectsourthirstforsocialization.Wearefamiliarwiththescenewhenapersonstopshisstepstoeditshortmessageswitheyesgluedathisphone,disregardofhislocation,whetherinroadcenterorbesiderestroom.译文二：Fewthingshavechangedhumanrelationsasmuchasthecellphonehas.Itsohappensthatweoftenseeanoticeonadoortoaconferenceroom,Pleasekeepyourcellphoneoffwhenameetingisinsession.Westill,however,alwayshearthebeepsresoundingthroughoutthechamber.Theprevalenceofusingthecellphonetodayreflectsourthirstforsocializationandsymbolizesaconnectionbetweenusandtheoutsideworld.Wearethereforereluctanttoturnitoff,althoughfewofusareVIPs,orthosewhohavemanyurgenciestotakeimmediatecareof.Soweoftennoticesuchapicture:apedestrian,allofsudden,stops,hiseyesfixedonthephonescreen,toedithismessages,obliviousofallotherthings.Whetherontheroadcenterorbesideatoiletdoesnotseemtobotherhim.红楼梦第三回贾雨村夤缘复旧职林黛玉抛父进京都那女学生黛玉,身体方愈,原不忍弃父而往,无奈他外祖母致意务去,且兼如海说:汝父年将半百,再无续室之意,且汝多病,年又极小,上无亲母教养，下无姊妹兄弟扶持,今依傍外祖母及舅氏姊妹去,正好减我顾盼之忧,何反云不往?黛玉听了，方洒泪拜别,随了奶娘及荣府几个老妇人登舟而去.雨村另有一只船,带两个小童,依附黛玉而行。ComparisonbetweenTwoEnglishVersionsofHongloumengTheDreamofRedMansions(杨宪益戴乃迭译：Yang）&&&&CHAPTER3LinJu-haiRecommendsaTutortoHisBrother-in-lawTheLadyDowagerSendsforHerMotherlessGrand-DaughterYang:HispupilTai-ju,whohadjustgotoverillness,couldhardlybeartoleaveherfather,butshehadtocomplywiththewishesofhergrandmother.“Iamnearlyfiftyanddon‘tintendtomarryagain,‖Ju-haitoldher.―Youareyounganddelicate,withnomothertotakecareofyou,nosistersorbrotherstolookafteryou.Ifyougotostaywithyourgrandmotheranduncles‘girls,thatwilltakeagreatloadoffmymind.Howcanyourefuse?‖?Yang:Sopartingfromhiminafloodoftears,sheembarkedwithhernurseandsomeelderlymaid-servantsfromtheJungMansion,followedbyYu-tsunandtwopagesinanotherjunk.TheStoryoftheStone；LinRu-hairecommendsaprivatetutortohisbrother-in-lawAndOldLadyJiaextendsacompassionatewelcometothemotherlesschild（Hawkes译)Hawkes:Atfirsthislittlepupilcouldnotbepersuadebuthergrandmotherwasinsistentthatsheshouldgo,andRu-haiaddedhisownreasons.“I‘mhalfacenturyoldnow,mydear,andIhavenointentiosotherewillbenooneheretoactasamothertoyou.Itisn‘teither,asifyouhadsisterswhocouldhelptotakecareofyou.Youknowhowoftenyouarepoorly.Andyouarestillveryyoung.ItwouldbeagreatweightoffmymindtoknowthatyouhadyourGrandmotherandyouruncles‘girlstofallbackon.Ireallythinkyououghttogo.‖?Hawkes:AfterthisDai-yucouldonlytakeatearfulleaveofherfatherandgodowntotheboatwithhernurseandtheoldwomenfromtheRongmansionwhohadbeensenttofetchher.TherewasaseparateboatforYu-cunandacoupleofservant-boystowaitonhim,andhetoonowembarkedinthecapacityofDai-yu‘sescort.练习汉译英：&&&&1.进入21世纪，发达国家所面临的共同问题，不是缺资金，而是缺人才；不是缺最新的资讯，而是缺最新的知识。―知识”变成了一个国家是否进步的关键因素。把相关的知识有系统地运用到经济活动中，现在泛称为“知识经济”。唯有通过外在的教育与学习，浩瀚的资讯才可能变成系统的知识。―知识”是个古老的生产因素，与土地与劳力一样；但因为现代知识成长迅速，变化巨大，又加以与经济、产业、科技、创新等结合，促成了“知识经济”的独领风骚。当知识——而非完全商业利润——参与导航经济活动时，社会就容易出现“有灵魂的”知识经济。“灵魂”象征著良知与良心。“有灵魂的知识经济”是指除了追求利润之外，还要推动社区参与、社会公平与社会责任。汉译英千里之外Thousandsofmilesapart屋檐如悬崖风铃如沧海我等燕归来时间被安排演一场意外你悄然走开故事在城外浓雾散不开看不清对白你听不出来风声不存在是我在感慨梦醒来是谁在窗台把结局打开那薄如蝉翼的未来经不起谁来拆Eaveserectinghighagainsttheworldoutside,Windmillechoinglikethesoundofanebbingtide,Iawaityouthroughalldaysandnights.Withoutawordofgood-bye,youpassmebyandeverythingfadesintoblack.Ourstorystartedinthewithdimairchokingallwordsandpassioninoureyes.ThenIutteredasigh,andyouhavealwaystakenthatasawindthatjustbrushedby.Ourdestinywasunveiledaftermyroamingdreamstooktheirflight,leavingmewithinfinitefearforthepalefuturewithoutyouholdingmetight.我送你离开千里之外你无声黑白沉默年代或许不该太遥远的相爱我送你离开天涯之外你是否还在琴声何来生死难猜用一生去等待Farewell,mygirl,butyousaynotgood-bye.&&&&Ourheighteneddistancedriveseternityoutofsight.Farewell,mygirl,willyouforeverabide?MelodycomingfromafarbiddinglifelongdeparturedoomedforyouandI.一身琉璃白透明着尘埃你无瑕的爱你从雨中来诗化了悲哀我淋湿现在芙蓉水面采船行影犹在你却不回来被岁月覆盖你说的花开过去成空白短语汇总：1.1.素质教育：QualityEducation2.EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educationalquotient，另一种情感商数Emotionalquotient3.保险业：theinsuranceindustry4.保证重点指出：ensurefundingforpriorityareas5.补发拖欠的养老金：clearuppensionpaymentsinarrears6.不良贷款：non-performingloan7.层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-levelcontractingandillegalsubcontracting8.城乡信用社：creditcooperativeinbothurbanandruralareas9.城镇居民最低生活保障：aminimumstandardoflivingforcityresidents10.城镇职工医疗保障制度：thesystemofmedicalinsuranceforurbanworkers11.出口信贷：exportcredit12.贷款质量：loanquality13.贷款质量五级分类办法：thefive-categoryassetsclassificationforbankloans14.防范和化解金融风险：takeprecautionsagainstandreducefinancialrisks&&&&15.防洪工程：flood-preventionproject16.非法外汇交易：illegalforeignexchangetransaction17.非贸易收汇：foreignexchangeearningsthroughnontradechannels18.非银行金融机构：non-bankfinancialinstitutions19.费改税：transformadministrativefeesintotaxes20.跟踪审计：foolow-upauditing21.工程监理制度：themonitoringsystemforprojects22.国有资产安全：thesafetyofstate-ownedassets23.过度开垦：excessreclamation24.合同管理制度：thecontractsystemforgoverningprojects25.积极的财政政策：pro-activefiscalpolicy26.基本生活费：basicallowance27.解除劳动关系：severlaborrelation28.金融监管责任制：theresponsibilitysystemforfinancialsupervision29.经济安全：economicsecurity30.靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：toincreasethedeficittospendmoreondevelopment31.扩大国内需求：theexpansionofdomesticdemand32.拉动经济增长：fueleconomicgrowth33.粮食仓库：graindepot34.粮食收购企业：graincollectionandstorageenterprise35.粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closedoperationofgrainpurchasefunds36.粮食销售市场：grainsalesmarket37.劣质工程：shoddyengineering38.乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款：arbitrarycharges,fund-raising,quotasandfines39.骗汇、逃汇、套汇：obtainforeigncurrencyunderfalsepretenses,notturnoverforeignowedtothegovernmentandillegalarbitrage&&&&40.融资渠道：financingchannels41.商业信贷原则：theprinciplesforcommercialcredit42.社会保险机构：socialsecurityinstitution43.失业保险金：unemploymentinsurancebenefits44.偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税：taxevasion,taxfraudandrefusaltopaytaxes45.外汇收支：foreignexchangerevenueandspending46.安居工程：housingprojectforlow-incomeurbanresidents47.信息化：information-informationization48.智力密集型：conceknowledge-intensive49.外资企业：overseas-fundedenterprises1.1.下岗职工：laid-offworkers2.分流：repositionofredundantpersonnel3.素质教育：educationforall-rounddevelopment4.豆腐渣工程：jerry-builtprojects5.社会治安情况：law-and-ordersituation6.民族国家：nationstate7.“**‖：independenceofTaiwan8.台湾当局：Taiwanauthorities9.台湾同胞：Taiwancompatriots10.台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分：TaiwanisaninalienablepartoftheChineseterritory.11.西部大开发：DevelopmentoftheWestRegions12.可持续性发展：sustainabledevelopment13.风险投资：riskinvestment14.通货紧缩：deflation15.扩大内需：toexpanddomesticdemand16.计算机辅助教学：computer-assistedinstruction(CAI)&&&&17.网络空间：cyberspace18.虚拟现实：virtualreality19.网民：netizen(netcitizen)20.电脑犯罪：computercrime21.电子商务：thee-business22.网上购物：shoppingonline23.应试教育：exam-orientededucation24.学生减负：toreducestudyload25.“厄尔尼诺”：(ELNino)26.“拉尼娜”：(LaNina)27.“智商”：(IQ)28.“情商”：(EQ)29.“第三产业”：(third/tertiaryindustry,servicesector,thirdsequenceofenterprises)79.―第四产业”：(quaternary/inFORMationindustry)30.“军嫂”：(militaryspouse)31.“峰会”(香港译“极峰会议”)‖：summit(conference)32.“传销”：multilevelmarketing33.“(计算机)2000年问题”：Y2Kproblem(yforyear,kforkiloorthousand)34.“白皮书”：whitepaper(不是whitecoverbook)35.“傻瓜相机”：Instamatic(商标名，焦距、镜头均固定，被称为foolproof相机);36.“白条”：IOUnote(IOU：债款、债务，由Ioweyou的读音缩略转义而来)37.“巡回招聘”：milkround(一种招聘毕业生的方式，大公司走访各大学及学院，向求职者介绍本公司情况并与报名者晤谈)。38.“减员增效”：increaseefficie39.“抓大放小”：managelargeenterpriseswellwhileease&&&&40.“市政府要办的X件实事”