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基于数据挖掘下肢深静脉血栓的形成证候地研究.pdf 119页
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--------------------------Page1------------------------------Conclusions：IntheofTCMformstudywhichsyndrome，thesimplifiedsyndromefactorsofLEDVTaremoretheresearchoffacmrsshouldfeasible，butsyndromenotfromvariationdepartofLEDVTisacorrespondingsyndromes．Thepathogenesiscomplexwhichinfluencedprocessbymultifactorialinterventionandincludedinterlacementofastheniaandstheniafactors．Itsmainbasisisaccumulation．pathologicaldamp—stasiswordsvenousKeydeepthrombosis；TCMsyndrome；dataaccumulationmedicine；damp—stasis--------------------------Page2------------------------------原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是在导师的指导下独立完成的，文中除注明引用的内容外，不包含任何其他已经发表的科研成果。对本文研究做出重要贡献者，均已在文中以明确方式表明。本声明的法律责任完全由自己承担。论文作者签名玉迦{3导师签名日期竺丛雩关于学位论文使用授权的声明本人完全了解山东中医药大学有关保留使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留或向国家有关部门机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许被查阅和借阅。本人授权山东中医药大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复印手段保存和汇编本学位论文。(保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定)论文作者签名墨豆盟导师签名—工缉日期』!幽--------------------------Page3------------------------------基于数据挖掘的下肢深静脉血栓形成的证候研究引言venous深静脉血栓形成(Deep周围血管疾病，多发于下肢。在中医学属于“股肿”、“瘀血流注”等范畴。1994年国家中医药管理局发布的“中医病证诊断疗效标准&正式将其明确命名为“股肿&。该病在早期易并发肺栓塞，死亡率较高，全世界每年死于肺栓塞者超过500万人，是白种人中第三位常见的急性致死原因，仅次于缺血性心脏病和脑卒中的病人【11。而在慢性期，则可出现肿胀、瘀积性皮炎、顽固性小腿溃疡等后遗症，严重影响患者的生高发病率及严重的并发症已经引起了全球的广泛关注。在国内，DVT也是国家中医临床研究基地重点研究病种之一和国家中医药管理局重点研究室“血脉理论及相关应用技术研究室”的主要研究方向。辨证论治是中医理论的核心，是中医临床诊断和治疗疾病的精髓，中医辨证治疗也是DVT的重要治疗方法之一。自20世纪60年代初期，国内即有对该病临床辨证论治经验的总结报道，经过近半个世纪的探索研究，广大临床工作者对DVT的中医诊治积累了大量的经验，并取得了较为满意的临床疗效，建立了病证结合的研究模式。但是到目前为止，DVT的证候相关规范及诊断标准并未统一，尚不能满足中医科研、教育与临床应用的需要；加上中医学与西方医学在基础理论、诊断过程、治疗机理和施治方法上存在的巨大差异，目前对该病的诸多中医诊疗方案仍缺乏国际同业的认同，严重影响其交流、普及和国际化进程。《中医药创新发展规划纲要(年)》中指出“在生命科学领域，多学科交叉相互渗透，创建新理论新技术新方法来认识生命和疾病现象已成热点&，中医学的发展也需要多领域的合作研究。如何把中医药历史积累当中有科学内涵的东西转化成现代人能理解的语言，这是科学和医学的前沿问题。这个转述不是简单的从文言文到白话文，也不是从中文到英文，而是科学内涵的转述、重新表达。这种重新表达需要我们用许多手段转换，包括信息技术手段，把个人的经验变成一个规律性的东西，让别人很容易的掌握、传承、应用和发扬。现代化的信息科学技术为中医信息化和科研水平的提高提供了良好的平台。事实证明，中医的研究离不开临床，无论是基础研--------------------------Page4------------------------------山东中医药大学2009届博士学位论文究还是应用研究都离不开临床的实践和检验，所有的研究终归还要“从临床中来到临床中去&。以前的中医研究主要靠经验积累，将临床诊疗过程中的有用信息记录下来，对其
正在加载中，请稍后...版块简介: cocos2d-js是cocos2d-x的Javascript版本，融合了cocos2d-html5和cocos2d-x JSBinding。它支持cocos2d-x的所有特性并提供更简单易用的Javascript风格API。
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4￥46785￥57006￥35597￥37098￥32989￥448810￥1899From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A bulletin board system, or BBS, is a
that allows users to connect to the system using a . Once logged in, the user can perform functions such as
software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users through , public , and sometimes via direct . Many BBSes also offer , in which users can compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often provide , allowing users to interact with each other. Bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the ,
and other aspects of the . Low-cost, high-performance
drove the use of
and BBSes through the early 1990s.
estimated there were 60,000 BBSes serving 17 million users in the United States alone in 1994, a collective market much larger than major online services like .
The introduction of inexpensive
offered ease of use and global access that BBS and online systems did not provide, and led to a rapid crash in the market starting in 1994. Over the next year, many of the
and tens of thousands of BBSes disappeared. Today, BBSing survives largely as a nostalgic hobby in most parts of the world, but it is still an extremely popular form of communication for Taiwanese youth (see ) and in China. Most BBSes are now accessible over
and typically offer free email accounts, FTP services,
and all of the
commonly used on the Internet. Some offer access through , or
connections.
A precursor to the public bulletin board system was , started in August 1973 in . Useful
did not exist at that time, and modems were both expensive and slow. Community Memory therefore ran on a
and was accessed through terminals located in several
neighborhoods. The poor quality of the original modem connecting the terminals to the mainframe prompted a user to invent the , whose design was highly influential in the mid-1970s.
Community Memory allowed the user to type messages into a
after inserting a coin, and offered a "pure" bulletin board experience with public messages only (no email or other features). It did offer the ability to tag messages with keywords, which the user could use in searches. The system acted primarily in the form of a buy and sell system with the tags taking the place of the more traditional . But users found ways to express themselves outside these bounds, and the system spontaneously created stories, poetry and other forms of communications. Unfortunately, the system was expensive to operate, and when their host machine became unavailable and a new one could not be found, the system closed in January 1975.
Similar functionality was available to most mainframe users, which might be considered a sort of ultra-local BBS when used in this fashion. Commercial systems, expressly intended to offer these features to the public, became available in the late 1970s and formed the
market that lasted into the 1990s. One particularly influential example was , which had thousands of users by the late 1970s, many of whom used the messaging and
features of the system in the same way that would become common on BBSes.
Ward Christensen holds an expansion card from the original CBBS S-100 host machine.
Early modems were generally very simple devices using
to handle telephone operation. The user would first pick up the phone, dial a number, then press the handset into rubber cups on the top of the modem. Disconnecting at the end of a call required the user to pick up the handset and return it to the phone. Examples of direct-connecting modems did exist, and these often allowed the host computer to send it commands to answer or hang up calls, but these were very expensive devices used by large banks and similar companies.
With the introduction of
with expansion slots, like the
machines and , it became possible for the modem to communicate instructions and data on separate lines. A number of modems of this sort were available by the late 1970s. This made the BBS possible for the first time, as it allowed software on the computer to pick up an incoming call, communicate with the user, and then hang up the call when the user logged off.
The first public
BBS was developed by
and . According to an early interview, when Chicago was snowed under during the , the two began preliminary work on the , or . The system came into existence largely through a fortuitous combination of Christensen having a spare S-100 bus computer and an early Hayes internal modem, and Suess's insistence that the machine be placed at his house in
where it would be a local phone call to millions of users. Christensen patterned the system after the
his local computer club used to post information like "need a ride". CBBS officially went online on 16 February 1978. CBBS, which kept a count of callers, reportedly connected 253,301 callers before it was finally retired.[]
The 300 baud Smartmodem led to an initial wave of early BBS systems.
A key innovation required for the popularization of the BBS was the . Internal modems like the ones used by CBBS and similar early systems were usable, but generally expensive due to the manufacturer having to make a different modem for every computer platform they wanted to target. They were also limited to those computers with internal expansion, and could not be used with other useful platforms like .
Hayes' solution to the problem was to use a small
to implement a system that examined the data flowing into the modem from the host computer, watching for certain command strings. This allowed commands to be sent to and from the modem using the same data pins as all the rest of the data, meaning it would work on any system that could support even the most basic modems. The Smartmodem could pick up the phone, dial numbers, and hang up again, all without any operator intervention. The Smartmodem was not necessary for BBS use, but made overall operation dramatically simpler. It also improved usability for the caller, as most terminal software allowed different phone numbers to be stored and dialled on command, allowing the user to easily connect to a series of systems.
The introduction of the Smartmodem led to the first real wave of BBS systems. Limited in both speed and storage capacity, these systems were normally dedicated solely to messaging, both private email and public forums. File transfers were painfully slow at these speeds, and file libraries were typically limited to text files containing lists of other BBS systems. These systems attracted a particular type of user who used the BBS as a unique type of communications medium, and when these local systems were crowded from the market in the 1990s, their loss was lamented for many years.
Speed improved with the introduction of 1200
modems in the , giving way to 2400 bit/s fairly rapidly. The improved performance led to a substantial increase in BBS popularity. Most of the information was displayed using ordinary
text or , but a number of systems attempted character-based
which began to be practical at 2400 bit/s.
There was a lengthy delay before 2400 bit/s gave way and ;bit/s models began to appear on the market. ;bit/s was not even established as a strong standard before
at 14.4 kbit/s took over in the early 1990s. This period also saw the rapid rise in capacity and dramatic drop in price of . By the late 1980s, many BBS systems had relatively significant file libraries, and this gave rise to leeching, users calling BBSes solely for their files. These users would tie up the modem for some time, leaving less time for other users, who got . The resulting upheaval eliminated many of the pioneering message-centric systems.
This also gave rise to a new class of BBS systems, dedicated solely to file upload and downloads. These systems charged for access, typically a flat monthly fee, compared to the per-hour fees charged by most online services. A host of 3rd party services sprang up to support these systems, offering simple credit card
gateways for the payment of monthly fees, and entire file libraries on
that made initial setup very easy. Early 1990s editions of Boardwatch were filled with ads for single-click install solutions dedicated to these new sysops. While this gave the market a bad reputation, it also led to
during the early 1990s, there were a number of mid-sized software companies dedicated to BBS software, and the number of BBSes in service reached its peak.
Towards the early 1990s, the BBS industry became so popular that it spawned three monthly magazines, , , and in Asia and Australia,
which devoted extensive coverage of the software and technology innovations and people behind them, and listings to US and worldwide BBSes. In addition, in the USA, a major monthly magazine, , carried a list of BBSes along with a brief abstract of each of their offerings.
Through the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was considerable experimentation with ways to improve the BBS experience from its
roots. Almost every popular system improved matters somewhat by adding ANSI-based color menus to make reading easier, and most also allowed cursor commands to offer command-line recall and similar features. Another common feature was the use of
to make menu navigation simpler, a feature that would not re-appear on the web until decades later.
A number of systems also made forays into GUI-based interfaces, either using character graphics sent from the host, or using custom GUI-based terminal systems. The latter initially appeared, unsurprisingly, on the
platform, where
became very popular. FirstClass offered a host of features that would be difficult or impossible under a terminal-based solution, including bi-directional information flow and non-blocking operation that allowed the user to exchange files in both directions while continuing to use the message system and chat, all in separate windows.
featured on Amiga a complete . It used a standardized set of icons to indicate mouse driven commands available online and to recognize different filetypes present on BBS storage media. It was capable to transmit data like images, audio files, and audio clips between users linked to same BBS or off-line if BBS was in the circuit of FidoNet organization. On the PC, efforts were more oriented to extensions of the original terminal concept, with the GUI being described in the information on the host. One example was the , essentially a picture description system, which remained relatively obscure. Probably the ultimate development of this style of operation was the dynamic page implementation of the
BBS (USCBBS) by Susan Biddlecomb, which predated the implementation of the
. A complete Dynamic web page implementation was accomplished using
add-on presenting a complete menu system individually customized for each user.
The demand for complex ANSI and ASCII screens and larger file transfers taxed available , which in turn propelled demand for faster modems. 14.4 kbit/s modems were standard for a number of years while various companies attempted to introduce non-standard systems with higher performance, normally about 19.2 kbit/s. Another delay followed due to a long
standards process before 28.8 kbit/s was released, only to be quickly replaced by 33.6 kbit/s, and then 56 kbit/s.
These increasing speeds had the side effect of dramatically reducing the noticeable effects of channel efficiency. When modems were slow, considerable effort was put into developing the most efficient protocols and display systems possible. Running a general-purpose protocol like
over a 1200 bit/s modem was a painful experience. With , however, the overhead was so greatly reduced as to be unnoticeable. Dial-up Internet service became widely available in 1994, and a must-have option for any general-use
What resulted was a
that almost completely destroyed the BBS market through 1995. Technically, Internet service offered an enormous advantage over BBS systems, as a single connection to the user's
allowed them to contact services around the world. In comparison, BBS systems relied on a direct point-to-point connection, so even dialing multiple local systems required multiple phone calls. Moreover, Internet protocols allowed that same single connection to be used to contact multiple services at the same time, say download files from an
library while checking the weather on a local news web site. In comparison, a connection to a BBS allowed access only to the information on that system.
According to the
Nodelist, BBSes reached their peak usage around 1996, which was the same period that the
suddenly became mainstream. BBSes rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the Internet for connectivity. Some of the larger commercial BBSes, such as MaxMegabyte and , evolved into .
The website
serves as an archive that documents the history of the BBS. The
on < contains over 105,000 BBSes that have existed over a span of 20 years in North America alone. The owner of <, , also produced , a
film that chronicles the history of the BBS and features interviews with well-known people (mostly from the ) from the heyday BBS era. As of 2016 an estimated 100 to 150 are still active, mostly for nostalgia.
Amiga 3000 running a two-line BBS
Unlike modern websites and
that are typically hosted by third-party companies in commercial , BBS computers (especially for smaller boards) were typically operated from the SysOp's home. As such, access could be unreliable, and in many cases, only one user could be on the system at a time. Only larger BBSes with multiple phone lines using specialized hardware, multitasking software, or a
connecting multiple computers, could host multiple simultaneous users.
The first BBSes used homebrew software, quite often written or customized by the SysOps themselves, running on early
systems such as the ,
operating system. Soon after, BBS software was being written for all of the major
systems of the late 1970s era - the , ,
being some of the most popular.
A few years later, in 1981, IBM introduced the first
based , and due to the overwhelming popularity of PCs and their , DOS soon became the operating system on which the majority of BBS programs were run. ,
over from the CP/M world, and Fido BBS, created by
(who later founded ) were the first notable DOS BBS programs. Many successful commercial BBS programs were developed for DOS, such as
BBS, and . Some popular
BBS programs for DOS included
BBS and , which both had early origins from leaked
BBS source code. There were several dozen other BBS programs developed over the DOS era, and many were released under the
concept, while some were released as
including iniquity.
BBS systems on other systems remained popular, especially , largely because they catered to the audience of users running those machines. The ubiquitous
(introduced in 1982) was a common platform in the 1980s. Popular commercial BBS programs were , ,
and . In the early 1990s a small number of BBSes were also running on the Commodore . Popular BBS software for the Amiga were ABBS, , C-Net, StormforceBBS,
and Tempest. There was also a small faction of devoted Atari BBSes that used the , then the 800XL, and eventually the 1040ST. The earlier machines generally lacked
capabilities, which limited them primarily to messaging.
MS-DOS continued to be the most popular operating system for BBS use up until the mid-1990s, and in the early years most multi-node BBSes were running under a DOS based multitasker such as
or consisted of multiple computers connected via a . In the late 1980s, a handful of BBS developers implemented multitasking communications routines inside their software, allowing multiple phone lines and users to connect to the same BBS computer. These included Galacticomm's
(later WorldGroup), eSoft
(TBBS), and . Other popular BBS's were
and Opus, with some associated applications such as BinkleyTerm being based on characters from the
cartoon strip of . Though most BBS software had been written in
(with some low-level routines written in ), the
language was starting to gain popularity.
By 1995, many of the DOS-based BBSes had begun switching to modern
operating systems, such as , , and . One of the first graphics based BBS applications was
with a low bandwidth applications that required its own client for efficiency. This led to one of the earliest implementations of Electronic Commerce in 1996 with replication of partner stores around the globe. TCP/IP networking allowed most of the remaining BBSes to evolve and include Internet hosting capabilities. Recent BBS software, such as , , EleBBS,
or , provide access using the
protocol rather than dialup, or by using legacy DOS-based BBS software with a -to-Telnet redirector such as .
Welcome screen of Neon#2 BBS (Tornado)
BBSes were generally text-based, rather than -based, and early BBSes conversed using the simple
character set. However, some home computer manufacturers extended the ASCII character set to take advantage of the advanced color and graphics capabilities of their systems. BBS software authors included these extended character sets in their software, and terminal program authors included the ability to display them when a compatible system was called. Atari's native character set was known as , while most Commodore BBSes supported . PETSCII was also supported by the nationwide online service .
The use of these custom character sets was generally incompatible between manufacturers. Unless a caller was using terminal emulation software written for, and running on, the same type of system as the BBS, the session would simply fall back to simple ASCII output. For example, a Commodore 64 user calling an Atari BBS would use ASCII rather than the machine's native character set. As time progressed, most terminal programs began using the
standard, but could use their native character set if it was available.
COCONET, a BBS system made by Coconut Computing, Inc., was released in 1988 and only supported a GUI (no text interface was initially available but eventually became available around 1990), and worked in EGA/VGA graphics mode, which made it stand out from the text-based BBS systems. COCONET's bitmap and vector graphics and support for multiple type fonts were inspired by the , and the graphics capabilities were based on what was available in the Borland BGI graphics library. A competing approach called
(RIP) emerged and was promoted by Telegrafix in the early to mid-1990s but it never became widespread. An industry standard technology called
was also considered, and although it became the underlying graphics technology behind the , it never gained popularity in the BBS market. There were several GUI-based BBSes on the
platform, including
and , but these remained widely used only in the Mac market.
In the UK, the
based OBBS software, available from
for use with their modems, optionally allowed for color and graphics using the
based graphics mode available on that platform. Other systems used the
protocols made popular in the UK by 's
service, and the on-line magazine
whom were busy giving away modems with their subscriptions.
The most popular form of online graphics was , which combined the
character set's blocks and symbols with
to allow changing colors on demand, provide cursor control and screen formatting, and even basic musical tones. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, most BBSes used ANSI to make elaborate welcome screens, and colorized menus, and thus, ANSI support was a sought-after feature in terminal client programs. The development of ANSI art became so popular that it spawned an entire BBS ""
devoted to it.
BBS ANSI Login Screen example
Skyline BBS software was the first in 1987 featuring a script
communication protocol called
which was capable of giving the user a complete graphical interface, featuring rich graphic content, changeable fonts, mouse-controlled actions, animations and sound.
Today, most BBS software that is still actively supported, such as Worldgroup,
and , is Web-enabled, and the traditional text interface has been replaced (or operates concurrently) with a Web-based user interface. For those more nostalgic for the true BBS experience, one can use NetSerial (Windows) or
(Windows/*nix) to redirect DOS COM port software to telnet, allowing them to connect to Telnet BBSes using 1980s and 1990s era modem
software, like , ,
and . Modern 32-bit terminal emulators such as mTelnet and
include native telnet support.
Since most early BBSes were run by computer hobbyists, they were typically technical in topic, with user communities revolving around hardware and software discussions.
As the BBS phenomenon grew, so did the popularity of special interest boards. Bulletin Board Systems could be found for almost every hobby and interest. Popular interests included politics, religion, music, , and . Many SysOps also adopted a
in which they customized their entire BBS (welcome screens, prompts, menus, and so on) to reflect that theme. Common themes were based on , or were intended to give the user the illusion of being somewhere else, such as in a , wizard's castle, or on a .
In the early days, the file download library consisted of files that the SysOps obtained themselves from other BBSes and friends. Many BBSes inspected every file uploaded to their public file download library to ensure that the material did not violate copyright law. As time went on,
CD-ROMs were sold with up to thousands of files on each . Small BBSes copied each file individually to their hard drive. Some systems used a CD-ROM drive to make the files available. Advanced BBSes used Multiple CD-ROM disc changer units that switched 6 CD-ROM disks on demand for the caller(s). Large systems used all 26 DOS drive letters with multi-disk changers housing tens of thousands of copyright-free shareware or freeware files available to all callers. These BBSes were generally more family friendly, avoiding the seedier side of BBSes. Access to these systems varied from single to multiple modem lines with some requiring little or no confirmed registration.
Some BBSes, called elite, WaReZ or pirate boards, were exclusively used for distributing , , and other questionable or unlawful content. These BBSes often had multiple modems and phone lines, allowing several users to upload and download files at once. Most elite BBSes used some form of new user verification, where new users would have to apply for membership and attempt to prove that they were not a law enforcement officer or a . The largest elite boards accepted users by invitation only. Elite boards also spawned their own subculture and gave rise to the
known today as .
Another common type of board was the support BBS run by a manufacturer of computer products or software. These boards were dedicated to supporting users of the company's products with question and answer forums, news and updates, and downloads. Most of them were not a free call. Today, these services have moved to the web.
Some general purpose Bulletin Board Systems had special levels of access that were given to those who paid extra money, uploaded useful files or knew the SysOp personally. These specialty and pay BBSes usually had something special to offer their users such as large file libraries, , ,
Pay BBSes such as The
and Echo NYC (now Internet forums rather than dial-up), , PsudNetwork and
(which folded in 1996) were admired for their tight-knit communities and quality discussion forums. However, many free BBSes also maintained close knit communities, and some even had annual or bi-annual events where users would travel great distances to meet face-to-face with their on-line friends. These events were especially popular with BBSes that offered .
Some of the BBSes that provided access to illegal content faced opposition. On July 12, 1985, in conjunction with a
investigation, the
Sheriff's department raided and seized The Private Sector BBS, which was the official BBS for
hacker quarterly
at the time. The notorious , in , was raided by the FBI in January 1993 for trading unlicensed software, and later sued by
for copyright infringement in November 1997. In , a 21-year-old man was charged with distributing
through his BBS in March 1996.
Most early BBSes operated as individual systems. Information contained on that BBS never left the system, and users would only interact with the information and user community on that BBS alone. However, as BBSes became more widespread, there evolved a desire to connect systems together to share messages and files with distant systems and users. The largest such network was .
As is it was prohibitively expensive for the hobbyist SysOp to have a dedicated connection to another system, FidoNet was developed as a
network. Private email (Netmail), public message boards (Echomail) and eventually even file attachments on a FidoNet-capable BBS would be bundled into one or more archive files over a set time interval. These archive files were then compressed with
and forwarded to (or polled by) another nearby node or hub via a dialup
session. Messages would be relayed around various FidoNet hubs until they were eventually delivered to their destination. The hierarchy of FidoNet BBS nodes, hubs, and zones was maintained in a routing table called a Nodelist. Some larger BBSes or regional FidoNet hubs would make several transfers per day, some even to multiple nodes or hubs, and as such, transfers usually occurred at night or early morning when toll rates were lowest. In Fido's heyday, sending a Netmail message to a user on a distant FidoNet node, or participating in an Echomail discussion could take days, especially if any FidoNet nodes or hubs in the message's route only made one transfer call per day.
FidoNet was platform-independent and would work with any BBS that was written to use it. BBSes that did not have integrated FidoNet capability could usually add it using an external FidoNet
mailer such as , BinkleyTerm, InterMail or D'Bridge, and a mail processor such as
or . The front-end mailer would conduct the periodic FidoNet transfers, while the mail processor would usually run just before and just after the mailer ran. This program would scan for and pack up new outgoing messages, and then unpack, sort and "toss" the incoming messages into a BBS user's local email box or into the BBS's local message bases reserved for Echomail. As such, these mail processors were commonly called "scanner/tosser/packers."
Many other BBS networks followed the example of FidoNet, using the same standards and the same software. These were called FidoNet Technology Networks (FTNs). They were usually smaller and targeted at selected audiences. Some networks used
doors, and others such as
(RIME) and
used non-Fido software and standards.
Before commercial Internet access became common, these
of BBSes provided regional and international
and message bases. Some even provided , such as UFGATE, by which members could send/receive e-mail to/from the
via , and many FidoNet discussion groups were shared via gateway to . Elaborate schemes allowed users to download binary files, search , and interact with distant , all using plain text e-mail.
As the volume of FidoNet Mail increased and newsgroups from the early days of the Internet became available, satellite data downstream services became viable for larger systems. The satellite service provided access to FidoNet and Usenet newsgroups in large volumes at a reasonable fee. By connecting a small dish & receiver, a constant downstream of thousands of FidoNet and Usenet newsgroups could be received. The local BBS only needed to upload new outgoing messages via the modem network back to the satellite service. This method drastically reduced phone data transfers while dramatically increasing the number of message forums.
FidoNet is still in use today, though in a much smaller form, and many Echomail groups are still shared with Usenet via FidoNet to Usenet gateways. Widespread abuse of Usenet with
has led to many of these FidoNet gateways to cease operation completely.
Main article:
Much of the
movement was started via user distribution of software through BBSes. A notable example was 's PKARC (and later , using the same ".zip"
and other popular archivers now use); also other concepts of software distribution like ,
for the Macintosh first appeared on BBS sites.
and nearly all
games were distributed as shareware (Apogee is, in fact, credited for adding an order form to a shareware demo).[] The Internet has largely erased the distinction of shareware - most users now download the software directly from the developer's website rather than receiving it from another BBS user 'sharing' it. Today shareware is commonly used to mean electronically distributed software from a small developer.
Many commercial BBS software companies that continue to support their old BBS software products switched to the shareware model or made it entirely free. Some companies were able to make the move to the Internet and provide commercial products with BBS capabilities.
A classic BBS had:
One or more
One or more phone lines, with more allowing for increased concurrent users
- system operator
A user community
The BBS software usually provides:
Menu Systems
One or more
File areas
SysOp side, live viewing of all caller activity
Voting - opinion booths
Statistics on message posters, top uploaders / downloaders
(usually single
or only a single active player at a given time)
to third-party online games
Usage auditing capabilities
Multi-user chat (only possible on multi-line BBSes)
Internet email (more common in later Internet-connected BBSes)
Networked message boards
Most modern BBSes allow
access over the Internet using a telnet server and a virtual
A "yell for SysOp" page caller side menu item that sounded an audible alarm to the SysOp. If chosen, the SysOp could then initiate a text-to-text chat with the caller.
Primitive social networking features, such as leaving messages on a user's profile
CBBS Chicago (which
programmed) was about 20,000 lines of 8080 assembler.
Quantum Link and parts of
went on to become .
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