Rolling – The Physics Hypertextbook
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Affiliated Websitesrolling的网络用语是什么意思_百度知道
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rolling[英][ˈrəʊlɪŋ][美][ˈroʊlɪŋ]adj.旋转的; 波动的; 起伏的;n.旋转; 动摇; 轰鸣;例句:双语英语1.Tyre designers have therefore sought to improve fuel economy by reducing rolling resistance.轮胎设计者因此力求减少滚动阻力以提高能源利用的经济性。
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Rolling friction and rolling resistance
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The force that resists the motion of a body rolling on a surface is called the rolling resistance or the rolling friction.
The rolling resistance can be expressed as Fr = c W&&&&&& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & (1) where
Fr = rolling resistance or rolling friction (N, lbf) c = rolling resistance coefficient - dimensionless (coefficient of rolling friction - CRF) W = m ag
&&& = normal force - or
- of the body (N, lbf) m = mass of body (kg, lb) ag =
(9.81 m/s2, 32.174 ft/s2) The rolling resistance can alternatively be expressed as Fr = cl W / r& &&& & & & & & & & & & & & & & (2) where
cl = rolling resistance coefficient - dimension length (coefficient of rolling friction) (mm, in) r = radius of wheel (mm, in) Rolling Friction Coefficients Some typical rolling coefficients:
Rolling Resistance Coefficient& ccl (mm)
0.001 - 0.002 0.5 railroad steel wheels on steel rails
bicycle tire on wooden track
0.002 - 0.005
low resistance tubeless tires
bicycle tire on concrete
bicycle tire on asphalt road
dirty tram rails
0.006 - 0.01
truck tire on asphalt
bicycle tire on rough paved road
0.01 - 0.015
ordinary car tires on concrete, new asphalt, cobbles small new
car tires on tar or asphalt
car tires on gravel - rolled new
car tires on cobbles& - large worn
0.04 - 0.08
car tire on solid sand, gravel loose worn, soil medium hard
car tire on loose sand
Rolling Coefficients Cars The rolling coefficients for air filled tires on dry roads can be estimated c = 0.005 + (1 / p) (0.01 + 0.0095 (v / 100)2) where
c = rolling coefficient p = tire pressure (bar) v = velocity (km/h)
1 bar = 105 Pa = 14.5 psi 1 km/h = 0.6214 mph
Example - The Rolling Resistance of a Car on Asphalt The rolling resistance of a car with weight 1500 kg on asphalt with rolling friction coefficient 0.03 can be estimated as
Fr = 0.03 (1500 kg) (9.81 m/s2)
compare car rolling resistance with
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en: rolling resistance friction body surface weightes: fricción resistencia a la rodadura peso de superficie corporalde: Rollwiderstand Reibk?rper Fl?chengewicht
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Rolling ResistanceModel rolling resistanceLibraryTires & Vehicles/Tire SubcomponentsDescriptionThe block models the resistance force that acts on the wheel
hub due to the rolling resistance at the road-wheel contact surface.
The model can use a constant resistance coefficient or the pressure
and velocity dependence of the SAE J2452 standard. The resistance
force is zero when the normal force acting at the wheel-road surface
is less than or equal to zero. Constant Resistance Coefficient ModelIn the constant coefficient model, the rolling resistance is
directly proportional to the resistance coefficient:F=Nμwhere parameters represent
the following quantities:F — Rolling resistance forceN — Normal Forceμ — Rolling resistance
coefficientThe rolling resistance coefficient has a hyperbolic form that
eliminates discontinuity at vhub=0:μ=μ0tanh(4vhub/vthreshold)where
parameters represent the following quantities:μ0 —
Asymptotic rolling resistance coefficientvhub —
Hub velocityvthreshold —
Threshold velocityPressure and Velocity Dependent ModelThe pressure- and velocity-dependent model uses the following
formula: F=(PP0)α(NN0)βN0⋅(A+B|vhub|+Cvhub2)where parameters represent
the following quantities:P — Tire pressurevhub —
Hub velocityα, β, A, B, C —
Approximating coefficientsP0 —
1 Pascal (Pa)N0 —
1 Newton (N)In the previous equation, parameters P0 and N0 remove
the physical units from each exponential expression base.Connection H is a mechanical translational conserving port that
represents the hub of the tire. Connection N is a physical signal
input port that represents the normal force acting on the tire. Normal
force is positive if it points downward.ParametersResistance ModelSelect the model used to compute the rolling resistance on a
wheel hub. The parameter provides two options:Constant coefficientPressure and velocity dependentThe default value is Constant coefficient.Constant CoefficientSelecting the Constant coefficient option
exposes two model parameters: Constant coefficient and Velocity
threshold.Constant CoefficientCoefficient that sets the proportionality between the normal
force and the rolling resistance force. The parameter must be greater
than zero. The default value is 0.015.Velocity ThresholdVelocity at which the full rolling resistance force is transmitted
to the rolling hub. The parameter ensures the force remains continuous
during velocity direction changes, which increases the numerical stability
of the simulation. The parameter must be greater than zero. The default
value is 0.001 m/s.Pressure and Velocity DependentTire pressureInflation pressure of the tire. The parameter must be greater
than zero. The default value is 250e+3 Pa.AlphaExponent of the tire pressure in the model equation. See .
The default value is -0.003.BetaExponent of the normal force model equation. The default value
is 0.97.Coefficient AVelocity independent force component in the model equation.
The parameter must be greater than zero. The default value is 84e-4.Coefficient BVelocity dependent force component in the model equation. The
parameter must be greater than zero. The default value is 6.2e-4
s/m.Coefficient CForce component that depends on the square of the velocity term
in the model equation. The parameter must be greater than zero. The
default value is 1.6e-4 s^2/m^2.Velocity ThresholdVelocity at which the full rolling resistance force is transmitted
to the rolling hub. The parameter ensures the force remains continuous
during velocity direction changes, which increases the numerical stability
of the simulation. The parameter must be greater than zero. The default
value is 1e-3 m/s.PortsPortDescriptionNPhysical signal input port that represents the normal
forceHConserving translational port that represents the wheel
hubSee Also |
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