东欧剧变和苏联解体的国家有哪些

铁血聚合阅读 &
东欧剧变介绍
关于 东欧剧变 的介绍,暂时空缺。
东欧剧变新闻
1989年,东欧政治发生剧变,最终以苏联解体告终。在发生剧变的这些国家中,除前南斯拉夫外,罗马尼亚是东欧剧变中唯一以流血形式完成的政权更替的国家。(来源:网易历史)
整个事件至少导致1104人死亡、3352人受伤,同时罗马尼亚共产党总书记齐奥塞斯库在也在事件中...
1945年,在苏联的进攻下,德军退出匈牙利,匈牙利重新独立,成立了多党联合执政的民主政权。但是,这不是苏联想要的结果,因为参与执政的党多了,控制起来就难度增大。在1940年代末期,劳 动人民党将其他党派排挤出执政圈子,匈牙利转变为苏联式社会主义国家。什么叫苏联式呢?就是...
乌克兰和波兰作为东道主举办2012年欧洲杯,这是东欧国家首次浓墨重彩登上世界核心舞台。这两个昔日意识形态相近国家合作举办这一盛事,某种意义上说,是他们乃至东欧国家20余年来政治与经济转轨的成绩单。 谈及过去的东欧(而今的中东欧)地区,无人否认在1989年剧变及转轨之后,...
“妥协的结局是失去政权,强硬的下场是失去性命。”
谁也没有想到,从边境城市一个持不同政见的神父被驱逐引发几百人示威,到执政党长达四十多年的统治被推翻,只用了短短7天时间。
在东欧剧变中,罗马尼亚共产党总书记、总统齐奥塞斯库是最强硬的领导人,可称之为“硬汉...
东欧剧变之罗马尼亚
  东欧剧变 指从20世纪80年代末到90年代初,东欧各个社会主义国家的政治经济制度发生根本性的改变,社会主义制度最终演变为资本主义制度的剧烈动荡。它是东欧社会主义事业的失败,使世界社会主义、共产主义运动陷入低潮。东欧剧变的实质是东欧各国的社会性质发生改变。
20年前,东欧经历了一个多事之秋。6月,波兰统一工人党在大选中败北,不得不把政权让给反对派团结工会。也是6月份,匈牙利和奥地利之间被称为“共产主义铁幕”的边界被拆掉。11月9日,长达160多公里的柏林墙一夜之间轰然倒塌,东西德合并。年末圣诞节期间,罗马尼亚总统齐奥塞斯库...
[img]http://pic.itiexue.net/pics/_5
东欧剧变后,西方社会出现了三大预言:一大预言是以卡特总统时期的国家安全事务助理布热津斯基撰写的《大失败:二十世纪共产主义的兴亡》为代表,断言共产主义将最终消亡;第二大预言是以日本著名学者福山所著《历史的终结》为代表,断言西式民主制度将一统天下;第三大预言是以1989年在...
香港《紫荆》杂志刊出文章认为,东欧剧变后,西方社会出现了三大预言:断言共产主义将最终消亡;西式民主制度将一统天下;新自由主义模式将成为全球普遍模式。二十年过去了,尤其是在全球性金融危机冲击下,这三大预言越来越受到质疑,在某种程度上可以说已经宣告失败。
推荐阅读 法...
中新网2月6日15:19电 香港《紫荆》杂志刊出文章认为,东欧剧变后,西方社会出现了三大预言:断言共产主义将最终消亡;西式民主制度将一统天下;新自由主义模式将成为全球普遍模式。二十年过去了,尤其是在全球性金融危机冲击下,这三大预言越来越受到质疑,在某种程度上可以说已经宣...
苏联的解体是人类历史上的重大事件。一个帝国,在一夜之间,自我毁灭,本身就是一件惊天动地的浩劫或奇迹。人们在惊悸或惊叹之余,必然要探究其中的因由。到目前为止,国内外已有不少名家进行分析和解说,但众说纷纭,莫衷一是。有人认为,研究这一问题,先凭主义分立场,由于立场不同,才会...
20年前,东欧经历了一个多事之秋。6月,波兰统一工人党在大选中败北,不得不把政权让给反对派团结工会。也是6月份,匈牙利和奥地利之间被称为“共产主义铁幕”的边界被拆掉。11月9日,长达160多公里的柏林墙一夜之间轰然倒塌,东西德合并。年末圣诞节期间,罗马尼亚总统齐奥塞斯库...
自从希腊经济危机爆发以来,
整个的欧洲、尤其是东欧陷入了两难境地,十分尴尬。
前几年,东欧国家自从摆脱了苏联体系以后,急不可待的加入了欧盟和北约。
东欧的货币迅速地换成了欧元,老百姓兴高采烈,阳光灿烂啊。
当时大家都认为,欧盟已经成为可以与美国相抗衡的经济实体和...
苏联的解体是人类历史上的重大事件。一个帝国,在一夜之间,自我毁灭,本身就是一件惊天动地的浩劫或奇迹。人们在惊悸或惊叹之余,必然要探究其中的因由。到目前为止,国内外已有不少名家进行分析和解说,但众说纷纭,莫衷一是。有人认为,研究这一问题,先凭主义分立场,由于立场不同,才会...
前天我和我老婆刚度完蜜月回来,我们去度蜜月的地方是东欧5国。分别是波兰 捷克 斯洛伐克 匈牙利和奥地利。除了奥地利之外其余四国均是东欧国家。
我们的第一站是波兰,当地时间下午1点23分到达华沙的肖邦国际机场
我们的导游是...
苏东剧变后斯大林雕像何处去:喷泉装饰 儿童玩具
乌克兰在闹革命,原苏联第二大邦国,也是原沙俄第二大民族国。自沙俄占领原是中国的势力范围的西伯利亚后,欧洲第一大国——沙俄就成为了整个欧洲恶梦。当然,这也是中国人心头的恶梦。现在苏联帝国崩溃了,普京要力推恢复原苏联帝国的国力,在此,中国是支持呢?还是不支持呢?答案当然是否...
哇塞司马南改行表演川剧变脸了
热点图文信息东欧剧变的原因、性质及后果
1.原因。年发生的东欧剧变是由国际、国内多方面原因而促成的,可归纳为以下几点:
第一,严重的经济危机和危机。经济基础决定上层建筑(包括一切现象和斗争),东欧的政局动荡,也首先源自于其经济基础。进入20世纪80年代以来,东欧多数国家的经济发展速度明显放慢,有的甚至出现严重的困难和危机,使人民生活水平受到严重影响,如波兰、匈牙利通货膨胀严重,80年代末期,波兰和匈牙利的通膨率常在两位数,人民生活降至70年代初的水平。虽然东欧各国经济困难的程度和原因各不相同,但从主观指导的失误来看,有以下几方面情况:一是照搬苏联模式,片面发展重工业,造成农、轻、重发展比例失调,一味追求高速度,实行高积累、高投资,由此引发了经济危机,使人民生活水平下降。二是大举借债使经济危机进一步加深。70年代初至80年代初的10年中,东欧各国急于用外国贷款迅速提高本国的生产能力,大借外债,以至于到80年代进入还债高峰期后,外债成为沉重的负担,使人民苦不堪言,激起对的强烈不满。七八十年代以来,一些东欧国家虽然搞了一轮又一轮改革,但这些改革有的没有坚持下去,有的未触动经济体制中的根本问题,有的则根本偏离方向,均未收到预期效果。还有的国家根本不进行改革。经济危机带来了严重的危机。1987年起,东欧一些国家相继出现社会。东欧党内也出现严重的思想混乱,大批党员,使党丧失了战斗力。
第二,戈尔巴乔夫“新思维”的影响。1985年3月,戈尔巴乔夫任苏共,提出以思想原则为核心的“新思维”,使苏联内外政策发生根本转变,对外搞“缓和”,不断迁就以美国为首的西方资本主义国家;对内鼓吹化、公开性、多元化,否定历史,否定主义的基本原则。戈氏的“新思维”,对历来受制于苏联的东欧国家来说,造成了巨大的冲击。其结果是导致党的,有的主动让权,有的被迫交权,使近半个世纪取得的建设成果毁于一旦。
第三,西方对东欧实行“和平演变”的策略。自从国家出现后,国际势力就多次采用侵略战争等手段,扼杀的幼芽,但均遭失败。二次大战后,他们把策略重点逐渐移到“和平演变”上来。最早提出这一策略的是美国驻苏大使代办乔治·凯南。美国国务卿杜勒斯提出,要把国家和平演变的希望寄托在党第三、四代人的身上。进入80年代以来,美国和西方国家凭借经济和科技方面的优势,利用国家的困难和改革开放的复杂形势,加快推行“和平演变”的步伐,向东欧国家发动了“无硝烟的战争”。他们的策略手段有以下特点:(1)把意识形态的渗透放在首位。美国前总统尼克松在《1999:不战而胜》一书中总结多年经验后认为,意识形态在“和平演变”中起着决定作用。为此,他们利用新闻媒介造谣惑众,破坏声誉,宣传资产阶级价值观。(2)利用经济贸易、技术援助,诱压国家接受西方条件。(3)利用所谓“”问题干涉东欧各国的内政,支持和扶植东欧国家内部的反对势力。(4)利用宗教势力削弱力量和煽动群众不满情绪。这些手段致使东欧国家党下台,变色。
2.性质及后果。东欧剧变是从向资本主义的和平演变,是国际运动一次严重的挫折。剧变后的一段时间里东欧经济继续恶化,和社会生活更加动荡,人民不满情绪进一步加深,剧变并未给人民带来“天堂般的生活”,人民生活在不断恶化。如波兰在1991年前9个月物价上涨了46%,生产下降了11%,失业人数已达197万人,失业率约为10.5%;匈牙利在1991年度国民生产总值下降7%,失业率达8%。直到近年来经济才出现复苏。
东欧剧变中的三种类型
东欧剧变、苏联解体的基本过程,大体以1989年夏秋波兰统一工人党大选败北、组阁受挫,团结工会登台执政为序幕,至1991年底苏联解体为终结,历时两年多。东欧各国基本的演变过程都经历了这样的步骤:首先是执政党面对日益深重的国内危机,在国内外各种敌对势力的逼迫下,放弃主义基本原则,宣布实行“多元化”和制,使改革偏离方向;继而反对派乘势而起,抓住执政党的历史错误和现实危机,步步进逼,执政党被动挨打,不断妥协退让,不得不与反对派一起商讨应付时局的对策,以致召开有反对派参加的“圆桌会议”,同意举行大选;最后,执政党陷于和崩溃,反对派通过大选,或者不断地制造,直至采取手段,夺取国家,国家彻底改变颜色。然而,东欧国家因国情不同,具体的演变方式和程度又有所不同。
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苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国\苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟
苏联领导人
最高统治者
弗拉基米·伊里奇·列宁
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Informally,
leader of the Bolsheviks since their inception.
October 26, 1917 - January 21, 1924
December 30, 1922 - January 21, 1924
约瑟夫·斯大林
Joseph Stalin
General Secretary of the Central Committee of
the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
April 3, 1922 - March 5, 1953
1927 - March 5, 1953
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the
May 6, 1941 - March 5, 1953
格奥尔基·马克西米连诺维奇·马林科夫
Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
March 5, 1953 - February 8, 1955
March 5, 1953 - September 7, 1953
尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫
Nikita Khrushchev
of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union
September 7, 1953 - October 14, 1964
September 7, 1953 - October 14,
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the
March 27, 1958 - October 14, 1964
列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫
Leonid Brezhnev
of the CPSU
October 14, 1964 - April 8, 1966
阿列克谢·柯西金
Alexei Kosygin
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
October 14, 1964 - October 23, 1980
阿纳斯塔斯·米高扬
Anastas Mikoyan
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
October 14, 1964 - December 9, 1965
列昂尼德·伊里奇·勃列日涅夫
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev
of the CPSU
October 14, 1964 - April 8, 1966
October 14, 1964 - November 10, 1982
General Secretary of the CPSU
April 8, 1966 - November 10, 1982
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
May, 1960 - October 14, 1964 and June 16, 1977 - November 10,
尤里·弗拉基米罗维奇·安德罗波夫
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov
General Secretary of the CPSU
November 12, 1982 - February 9, 1984
November 12, 1982 - February 9,
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the USSR
June 16, 1983 - February 9, 1984
康斯坦丁·乌斯季诺维奇·契尔年科
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko
General Secretary of the CPSU
February 13, 1984 - March 10, 1985
February 13, 1984 - March 10, 1985
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
April 11, 1984 - March 10, 1985
米哈伊尔·谢尔盖耶维奇·戈尔巴乔夫
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
General Secretary of the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
March 11, 1985 - August 24, 1991
March 11, 1985 - December 25,
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the USSR
October 1, 1988 - May 25, 1989
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the
May 25, 1989 - March 15, 1990
President of the Soviet Union
March 15, 1990 - December 25, 1991
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was
only created in 1922. From August 1917, after the February
Revolution, the state name was the Russian Republic, and
after the October Revolution from 1918 to 1922 its name was the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (the RSFSR continued
after 1922 as one of 15 republics in the USSR).
Office of Chairman of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet renamed to Chairman of the Supreme Soviet.
On March 15, 1990 the office of the President
of the Soviet Union was created and executive power was transferred
from the office of the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet. Although the
Chairman's office remained, it was now that of a parliamentary
speaker, not a head of state.
苏联最高苏维埃主席团主席(国家元首)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian
Congress of Soviets
列夫·加米涅夫 Lev Kamenev (9 November 1917 - 21 November 1917)
雅科夫·斯维尔德洛夫Yakov Sverdlov (21 November 1917 - 16 March 1919)
(died in office)
米哈伊尔·弗拉基米尔斯基 Mikhail Vladimirsky (16 March 1919 - 30 March
1919) (acting)
米哈伊尔·加里宁 Mikhail Kalinin (30 March 1919 - 19 July 1938)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR
米哈伊尔·加里宁 Mikhail Kalinin (30 December 1922 - 12 January 1938)
(office renamed)
格里戈里·彼得罗夫斯基 Grigory Petrovsky (30 December 1922 - 12 January
亚历山大·切尔维亚科夫 Aleksandr Chervyakov (30 December 1922 - 16 June
纳里曼·纳里马诺夫 Nariman Narimanov (30 December 1922 - 19 March
加赞法尔·穆萨别科夫 Gazanfar Musabekov (21 May 1925 - June 1937)
内迪尔拜·埃塔科夫 Nedirbay Aytakov (21 May 1925 - 21 July 1937)
法伊苏尔拉·霍贾耶夫 Fayzulla Khodzhayev (21 May 1925 - 17 June
努斯拉图拉·鲁特弗尔拉耶夫 Nusratulla Lutfullayev (18 March 1931 - 4 January
阿卜杜拉努·拉希姆巴耶夫 Abdullo Rakhimbayev (4 January 1934 - September
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
米哈伊尔·加里宁 Mikhail Kalinin (17 January 1938 - 19 March 1946)
尼古拉·什维尔尼克 Nikolay Shvernik (19 March 1946 - 6 March 1953)
克莱门特·伏罗希洛夫 Kliment Voroshilov (15 March 1953 - 7 May 1960)
列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫 Leonid Brezhnev (7 May 1960 - 15 July 1964)
阿纳斯塔斯·米高扬 Anastas Mikoyan (15 July 1964 - 9 December 1965)
尼古拉·波德戈尔内 Nikolai Podgorny (9 December 1965 - 16 June
列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫 Leonid Brezhnev (16 June 1977 - 10 November 1982)
(died in office)
瓦西里·库兹涅佐夫 Vasili Kuznetsov (10 November 1982 - 16 June 1983)
尤里·安德罗波夫 Yuri Andropov (16 June 1983 - 9 February 1984) (died
in office)
瓦西里·库兹涅佐夫 Vasili Kuznetsov 9 February 1984 - 11 April 1984)
康斯坦丁·契尔年科 Konstantin Chernenko (11 April 1984 - 10 March 1985)
(died in office)
瓦西里·库兹涅佐夫 Vasili Kuznetsov (10 March 1985 - 27 July 1985)
安德列·葛罗米柯 Andrei Gromyko (27 July 1985 - 1 October 1988)
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫 Mikhail Gorbachev (1 October 1988 - 25 May 1989)
(office renamed)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫 Mikhail Gorbachev (25 May 1989 - 15 March 1990)
President of the Soviet Union
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫 Mikhail Gorbachev (15 March 1990 - 25 December 1991)
(office abolished with the dissolution of the USSR)
根纳季·亚纳耶夫 Gennady Yanayev ( in opposition) (19
August 1991 - 21 August 1991)
苏联共产党总书记
姓名及肖像
约瑟夫·斯大林
Joseph Stalin
3 April 1922
5 March 1953
18 December 1878()
5 March 1953 (aged 74)
格奥尔基·马林科夫
Georgy Malenkov
5 March 1953
13 March 1953
8 January 1902()
14 January 1988 (aged 86)
尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫
Nikita Khrushchev
7 September 1953
14 October 1964
17 April 1894()
11 September 1971 (aged 77)
列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫
Leonid Brezhnev
14 October 1964
10 November 1982
19 December 1906()
10 November 1982 (aged 75)
尤里·安德罗波夫
Yuri Andropov
12 November 1982
9 February 1984
15 June 1914()
9 February 1984 (aged 69)
康斯坦丁·契尔年科
Konstantin Chernenko
13 February 1984
10 March 1985
24 September 1911()
10 March 1985 (aged 73)
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫
Mikhail Gorbachev
11 March 1985
24 August 1991
2 March 1931 () (age
弗拉基米尔·伊瓦什科
Vladimir Ivashko
24 August 1991
29 August 1991
28 October 1932()
13 November 1994 (aged 62)
波兰人民共和国
波兰人民共和国国家元首
亚历山大·萨瓦茨基 Aleksander Zawadzki (20 November 1952&7 August
爱德华·奥哈布 Edward Ochab, Stanislaw Kulczyński, Oskar Ryszard
Lange, Boleslaw Podedworny (together, 7&12 August 1964)
爱德华·奥哈布 Edward Ochab (12 August 1964&10 April 1968)
马瑞安·斯彼哈尔斯基 Marian Spychalski (10 April 1968&23 December
约瑟夫·西伦凯维兹 J&zef Cyrankiewicz (23 December 1970&28 March
亨里克·雅布翁斯基 Henryk Jabloński (28 March 1972&6 November 1985)
沃伊切赫·雅鲁泽尔斯基 Wojciech Jaruzelski (6 November 1985&19 July
波兰共产党\波兰统一工人党总书记
博莱斯瓦夫·贝鲁特 Boleslaw Bierut (December 22, 1948 & March 12,
爱德华·奥哈布 Edward Ochab (March 20, 1956 & October 21, 1956)
瓦迪斯瓦·哥穆尔卡 Wladyslaw Gomulka (October 21, 1956 - December 20,
爱德华·盖莱克 Edward Gierek (December 20, 1970 & September 6,
斯坦尼斯瓦夫·卡尼亚 Stanislaw Kania (September 6, 1980 & October 18,
沃伊切赫·雅鲁泽尔斯基 Wojciech Jaruzelski (October 18, 1981 & July 29,
米奇斯瓦·拉科夫斯基 Mieczyslaw Rakowski (July 29, 1989 & January 29,
德意志民主共和国(民主德国)
民主德国国家元首
民主德国总统 President of the GDR (Staatsprasident der DDR) ()
威廉·皮克
Wilhelm Pieck
11 October 1949
7 September 1960 (died in office)
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
国务委员会主席 Chairman of the Council of State of the GDR
(Vorsitzender des Staatsrats der
瓦尔特·乌布利希
Walter Ulbricht
12 September 1960
1 August 1973 (died in office)
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
维利·斯多夫
Willi Stoph
3 October 1973
29 October 1976 (replaced)
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
埃里希·昂纳克
Erich Honecker
29 October 1976
18 October 1989 (resigned)
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
埃贡·克伦茨
Egon Krenz
18 October 1989
6 December 1989 (resigned)
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
曼弗雷德·格拉赫
Manfred Gerlach
6 December 1989
5 April 1990 (office abolished)
Liberal Democratic Party of Germany
民主德国总统 President of the People's Chamber of the GDR
(Prasident der Volkskammer der
DDR) (1990)
萨宾娜·伯格曼-普尔
Sabine Bergmann-Pohl
5 April 1990
2 October 1990 (office abolished)
Christian Democratic Union
德国统一社会党领导人 Leaders of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
主席 Chairman
威廉·皮克 Wilhelm Pieck (formerly KPD) and 奥托·格罗提渥 Otto Grotewohl
(formerly SPD) (Co-chairmen)()
第一秘书/中央委员会总书记 / General Secretary of the Central Committee
瓦尔特·乌布利希 Walter Ulbricht ()
埃里希·昂纳克 Erich Honecker ()
挨贡·克伦茨 Egon Krenz (1989)
罗马尼亚人民共和国\罗马尼亚社会主义共和国
罗马尼亚国家领导人(国家元首)
罗马尼亚人民共和国 People's Republic of Romania ()
康斯坦丁·扬
Constantin Ion Parhon
30 December 1947-12 June 1952
President of the Presidium of the Republic (9 January 1948-13
April 1948),
President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly (13 April
1948-12 June 1952)
彼得鲁·格罗查
Petru Groza
12 June 1952-7 January 1958
President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly
扬·格奥尔基·毛雷尔
Ion Gheorghe Maurer
11 January 1958-21 March 1961
President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly
格奥尔基·乔治乌-德治
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
21 March 1961-19 March 1965
President of the State Council
罗马尼亚社会主义共和国 Socialist Republic of Romania ()
基伏·斯托伊卡
Chivu Stoica
24 March 1965-9 December 1967
President of the State Council
尼古拉·齐奥塞斯库
Nicolae Ceausescu
9 December 1967-22 December 1989
President of the State Council (9 December 1967-22 December
1989), President of Romania (28 March 1974-22 December 1989)
罗马尼亚共产党总书记
格奥尔基·克里斯台斯库
Gheorghe Cristescu
埃列克·克布勒什
Elek Koblos
维塔利·霍洛斯滕科
Vitali Holostenco
亚历山大·斯特凡斯基
Alexander Stefanski
鲍里斯·斯特凡诺夫
Boris Stefanov
斯特凡·福里什
Stefan Foris
格奥尔基·乔治乌-德治
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
格奥尔基·阿波斯托尔
Gheorghe Apostol
格奥尔基·乔治乌-德治
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
尼古拉·齐奥塞斯库
Nicolae Ceausescu
保加利亚人民共和国
保加利亚国家元首
Chairman of the Provisional Presidency
瓦西里·科拉罗夫
Vasil Kolarov
1877 - 1950
15 September 1946
9 December 1947
Bulgarian Communist Party
Chairmen of the Presidium of the National Assembly
明乔·奈切夫
Mincho Neichev
1897 - 1956
9 December 1947
27 May 1950
Bulgarian Communist Party
格奥尔·达姆亚诺夫
Georgi Damyanov
1892 - 1958
27 May 1950
27 November 1958
Bulgarian Communist Party
格奥尔·库里社夫
Georgi Kulishev
1885 - 1974
Bulgarian Communist Party
尼古拉·格奥尔基耶夫
Nikolay Georgiev (acting)
1906 - 1987
27 November 1958
30 November 1958
Bulgarian Communist Party
迪米特尔·加内夫
Dimitur Ganev
1898 - 1964
30 November 1958
20 April 1964
Bulgarian Communist Party
格奥尔·库里社夫
Georgi Kulishev
1885 - 1974
Bulgarian Communist Party
尼古拉·格奥尔基耶夫
Nikolay Georgiev (acting)
1906 - 1987
20 April 1964
23 April 1964
Bulgarian Communist Party
格奥尔·特莱科夫
Georgi Traikov
1898 - 1975
23 April 1964
7 July 1971
Bulgarian Communist Party
Chairmen of the Council of State
托多尔·日夫科夫
Todor Zhivkov
1911 - 1998
8 July 1971
17 November 1989
Bulgarian Communist Party
佩塔尔·姆拉德诺夫
Petar Mladenov
1936 - 2000
17 November 1989
3 April 1990
Bulgarian Communist Party
捷克斯洛伐克共和国\捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国
Post-War Czechoslovakia
爱德华·贝奈斯
Edvard Benes
4 April 1945
7 June 1948
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party
Communist Era
Official names:
Czechoslovak Republic,
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
克利门特·哥特瓦尔德
Klement Gottwald
14 June 1948
14 March 1953
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
安东尼·扎波托茨基
Antonin Zopotocky
21 March 1953
13 November 1957
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
until 1960
安托宁·诺沃提尼
Antonin Novotny
19 November 1957
22 March 1968
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
卢德维克·斯沃博达
Ludvik Svoboda
30 March 1968
28 May 1975
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
古斯塔夫·胡萨克
Gustav Husak
29 May 1975
10 December 1989
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
捷克斯洛伐克共产党总书记
博哈米尔·伊列克 Bohumil Jilek (1925 - 1929)
克莱门特·哥特瓦尔德 Klement Gottwald (1929 - 1953)
安托宁·诺沃提尼 Antonin Novotny (1953 - 1968)
亚历山大·杜布切克 Alexande Dubcek (1968 - 1969)
古斯塔夫·胡萨克 Gustav Husak (1969 - 1987)
米洛什·雅克什 Milos Jakes (1987 - November 24,
卡雷尔·乌尔班内克 Karel Urbanek (November 25 - December 20, 1989)
拉吉斯拉夫·阿达麦茨 Ladislav Adamec (1989 - 1990) Chairman, 瓦西尔·莫霍里塔
Vasil Mohorita (1989 - 1990) First Secretary
匈牙利人民共和国
匈牙利国家元首
Renamed the
"People's Republic of Hungary"
People's Republic of Hungary
Hungarian Working People's Party
萨卡希奇·阿帕德
Arpad Szakasits
23 August 1949 & 26 April 1950
Chairman of the Council of President
People's Republic of Hungary
Hungarian Working People's Party
罗奈伊·桑多尔
Sandor R&nai
26 April 1950 & 14 August 1952
Chairman of the Council of President
People's Republic of Hungary
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party
道比·伊斯特万
Istvan Dobi
14 August 1952 & 13 April 1967
Chairman of the Council of President
Revolution of 1956
People's Republic of Hungary
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party
洛松齐·帕尔
Pal Losonczi
13 April 1967 & 25 June 1987
Chairman of the Council of President
People's Republic of Hungary
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party
内梅特·卡罗伊
Karoly N&meth
25 June 1987 & 29 June 1988
Chairman of the Council of President
People's Republic of Hungary
Non-partisan
施特劳布·费伦茨·布鲁诺
Brun& Ferenc Straub
29 June 1988 & 18 October 1989
Chairman of the Council of President
匈牙利社会主义工人党\匈牙利劳动人民党总书记
General Secretaries of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
卡达尔·亚诺什 Janos Kadar October 25, 1956&May 22, 1988
格罗斯·卡罗伊 Karoly Grosz May 22, 1988&October 7, 1989
阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国
国家元首暨阿尔巴尼亚劳动党第一书记
恩维尔·霍查 Enver Hoxha (Secretary of the Central Committee to
February, 1943) November 8, 1941 - April 11, 1985
拉米兹·阿利雅 Ramiz Alia April 13, 1985&May 4, 1991
南斯拉夫联邦人民共和国\南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国
南斯拉夫国家元首
After the German invasion and fragmentation of the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia, partisans formed the Anti-Fascist Council of
National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) in 1942. On 29
November 1943 a AVNOJ conference proclaimed the Democratic
Federal Yugoslavia, while negotiations with the royal
government in exile continued. After the liberation of Belgrade,
the Communist-led government on 29 November 1945 declared King
Petar II deposed and proclaimed the Federal People's Republic of
Yugoslavia. In 1963, the state was renamed Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
伊凡·里巴尔
Ivan Ribar
1881 - 1968
29 December 1945 - 14 January 1953
Communist Party/League of Communists of Yugoslavia
约瑟普·布罗兹·铁托
Josip Broz Tito
1892 - 1980
14 January 1953 - 16 May 1974
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Since 1974, Yugoslavia was headed by a collective
presidency, consisting of representatives of the six republics,
the two autonomous provinces within Serbia and (until 1988) the
President of the League of Communists. The collective was first
chaired by Tito, who was President for life. After his death
in 1980, one member was annually elected Chairman of the
Presidency and acted as head of state.
约瑟普·布罗兹·铁托
Josip Broz Tito
1892 - 1980
16 May 1974 - 4 May 1980
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
President for life
拉扎尔·科利舍夫斯基
Lazar Kolisevski
1914 - 2000
4 May 1980 - 15 May 1980
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
茨维耶廷·米贾托维奇
Cvijetin Mijatovic
1913 - 1993
15 May 1980 - 15 May 1981
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
谢尔盖·克拉伊盖尔
Sergej Kraigher
1914 - 2001
15 May 1981 - 15 May 1982
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
佩塔尔·斯坦鲍利奇
Petar Stambolic
1912 - 2007
15 May 1982 - 15 May 1983
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
米卡·什皮利亚克
Mika Spiljak
1916 - 2007
15 May 1983 - 15 May 1984
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
韦塞林·久拉诺维奇
Veselin Duranovic
1925 - 1997
15 May 1984 - 15 May 1985
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Montenegro
拉多万·弗拉伊科维奇
Radovan Vlajkovic
1922 - 2001
15 May 1985 - 15 May 1986
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
锡南·哈萨尼
Sinan Hasani
15 May 1986 - 15 May 1987
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
拉扎尔·莫伊索夫
Lazar Mojsov
15 May 1987 - 15 May 1988
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
拉伊夫·迪兹达雷维奇
Raif Dizdarevic
15 May 1988 - 15 May 1989
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
雅奈兹·德尔诺夫舍克
Janez Drnovsek
1950 - 2008
15 May 1989 - 15 May 1990
Independent
博里萨夫·约维奇
Borisav Jovic
15 May 1990 - 15 May 1991
League of Communists of Yugoslavia,
Socialist Party of Serbia
Vacant (15 May 1991-16 May
塞吉多·巴伊拉莫维奇
Sejdo Bajramovic
1927 - 1994
16 May 1991 - 30 June 1991
Socialist Party of Serbia
斯捷潘·斯蒂普·梅西奇
Stjepan Mesic
30 June 1991 - 3 October 1991
(formally resigned 5 December
Croatian Democratic Union
布兰科·科斯蒂奇
Branko Kostic (acting)
3 October 1991 - 15 June 1992
Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
Montenegro
南斯拉夫共产党总书记
The party was first led by the Secretaries of the Central
Committee and later by the Presidents of the
Presidium:
立场及备注
菲利普·菲利波维奇
Filip Filipovic
日夫科·拉托帕洛维奇
Zivko Topalovic
April 1919 - June 1920
political secretaries
弗拉基米尔·乔皮奇
Vladimir Copic
organizational secretary
帕夫莱·帕夫洛维奇
Pavle Pavlovic
雅科夫·拉斯特里克
Jakov Lastric
June 1920 - August 1921
Presidents of the Central Party Committee
菲利普·菲利波维奇
Filip Filipovic
斯马·马尔科维奇
Sima Markovic
political secretaries
弗拉基米尔·乔皮奇
Vladimir Copic
organizational secretary
After being banned in 1921, the
Alternative Central Party leadership, formed in June 1921,
assumed leadership of the Communist Party:
科斯塔·诺瓦科维奇
Kosta Novakovic
特里沙·卡茨莱罗维奇
Trisa Kaclerovic
斯马·马尔科维奇
Mosa Pijade
August 1921 - July 1922
Alternative Central Party Leadership
A split in the leadership led to
the formation of the Executive Committee of the Communist Party
in Emigration in opposition to the leadership:
斯马·马尔科维奇
Sima Markovic
September 1921 - July 1922
Executive Committee of the Communist Party in Emigration
The factions were reunited at the
First State Conference held at Vienna, in July 1922.
斯马·马尔科维奇
Sima Markovic
July 1922 - May 1923
特里沙·卡茨莱罗维奇
Trisa Kaclerovic
May 1923 - May 1926
斯马·马尔科维奇
Sima Markovic
May 1926- April 1928
political secretary
拉多米·武约维奇
Radomir Vujovic
organizational secretary
The Central Committee was deposed
in April 1928 by the Comintern and replaced by a temporary
leadership.
temporary leadership under
杜罗·达科维奇
Duro Dakovic
April - November 1928
约万·马利希奇
Jovan Malisic
November 1928 - before 1934
political secretary
杜罗·达科维奇
Duro Dakovic
November 1928 - 1929
organizational secretary
Since 1930 the party leadership
was in exile in Vienna with no contact to the country until
米兰·戈尔基奇
Milan Gorkic
December 1934 - November 1936
political secretary
米兰·戈尔基奇
Milan Gorkic
November 1936 - 23 October 1937
murdered in Moscow in 1939
约瑟夫·布罗兹·铁托
Josip Broz Tito
November 1936- May 1938
orga since December 1936 present in
Yugoslavia
temporary leadership under
约瑟夫·布罗兹·铁托
Josip Broz Tito
May 1938 - March 1939
约瑟夫·布罗兹·铁托
Josip Broz Tito
March 1939 - 4 May 1980
general secretary, later President of the Presidium
布兰科·米库利奇
Branko Mikulic
(acting President)
19 October 1978 - 23 October 1979
Bosnia and Herzegovina
斯特万·多罗尼斯基
Stevan Doronjski
(acting President until 4 May)
23 October 1979 - 20 October 1980
拉扎尔·莫伊索夫
Lazar Mojsov
20 October 1980 - 20 October 1981
杜尚·德拉戈萨瓦茨
Dusan Dragosavac
20 October 1981 - 29 June 1982
米特亚·里比契奇
Mitja Ribicic
29 June 1982 - 30 June 1983
德拉戈斯拉夫·马尔科维奇
Dragoslav Markovic
30 June 1983 - 26 June 1984
阿利·舒克里亚
Ali Shukrija
26 June 1984 - 25 June 1985
维多耶·扎尔科维奇
Vidoje Zarkovic
25 June 1985 - 26 June 1986
Montenegro
米兰科·雷诺维察
Milanko Renovica
28 June 1986 - 30 June 1987
Bosnia and Herzegovina
博什科·克鲁尼奇
Bosko Krunic
30 June 1987 - 30 June 1988
斯蒂佩·舒瓦尔
Stipe Suvar
30 June 1988 - 17 May 1989
米兰·潘切夫斯基
Milan Pancevski
17 May 1989 - 30 June 1990
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