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星系争霸战EVO (Solar Conquest Evolution) 1.02
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　　简介:一张策略图,控制你的国家统一你的母星,发展太空科技登上宇宙征服其他星球.
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　　游戏中共有5颗星球,星球的地貌虽然不同(比如有的星球是荒漠,有的星球是冰原)但大体地形一致,每颗星球都有4个绿矿和1个蓝矿.其中绿矿采矿速率较慢,蓝色的则较快,不过这些矿物都由野怪把守,特别是蓝矿的防御力量,绝对不是几个步兵能攻下的.
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Reconquest of Spain
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Reconquest of Spain
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Reconquest of Spain
/this-day-in-history/reconquest-of-spain
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April 15, 2017
A+E Networks
The kingdom of Granada falls to the Christian forces of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I, and the Moors lose their last foothold in Spain.Located at the confluence of the Darro and Genil rivers in southern Spain, the city of Granada was a Moorish fortress that rose to prominence during the reign of Sultan Almoravid in the 11th century. In 1238, the Christian Reconquest forced Spanish Muslims south, and the kingdom of Granada was established as the last refuge of the Moorish civilization.Granada flourished culturally and economically for the next 200 years, but in the late 15th century internal feuds and a strengthened Spanish monarchy under Ferdinand and Isabella signaled the end of Moorish civilization in Spain. On January 2, 1492, King Boabdil surrendered Granada to the Spanish forces, and in 1502 the Spanish crown ordered all Muslims forcibly converted to Christianity. The next century saw a number of persecutions, and in 1609 the last Moors still adhering to Islam were expelled from Spain.
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World War I
World War IIbbc纪录片：BBC英国史（二）：Conquest 征服（视频）
BBC关于英国历史的纪录片《BBC英国史 A History of Britain》
对于一个不了解英国历史的人来说，本片是很好的教材。本片再现了英国文明的成长历程，从巨石文化的新石器时代到辉煌的伊丽莎白时代，穿越17世纪暴乱的国内战争到日不落大不列颠帝国。这是一个生动的、有些情景可以说是血腥的故事。《A History of Britain》由15个章节组成，是喜欢英式英语发音的人士必须收藏的一套材料。
第02章 Conquest 征服（）
九个小时的战役（the Battle of Hastings）之后，一切都改变了，诺曼人取代了盎鲁&&萨克逊人，英国从此走上另一条道路。当法国人到来时，Harold解除了他哥哥Tostig的武装。他率领他的最后的部队向南冲锋了187英里。最后他在Senlac山上面对着向他冲来的威廉的骑士和弓箭手。1066年的圣诞节那天，威廉登上了英格兰的王位，英国成为诺曼人帝国的一部分，而威廉也成为第一个王。
英语字幕文本：
It was the hand of God that decided the outcome of battles, the fate of nations and the life or death of kings.
Everyone knew that.
It was winter, the season of frost and death.
A king lay dying.
His name was Edward the Confessor.
He was dying childless and it wasn't obvious who would succeed him.
As there was no heir, many thought they should be the next king, including foreign princes like Duke William of Normandy.
Among those gathered round the bed of the dying Saxon king was the next most powerful man in England, Harold Godwineson and he thought the crown would look well on his head.
He was hoping for a sign that King Edward felt the same way.
Then Edward stretched out his hand and touched Harold.
But was he giving him a blessing or a curse? Was this the hand of God making Harold king?
Nobody knew for sure, but Harold had no .
He seized the crown.
The question now was for how long would he keep it?
Then, in the April sky, the hand of God showed itself as a comet, a hairy star, and everyone knew this was no blessing but an evil .
The year was 1066.
Historians like a quiet life and usually they get it.
For the most part, history moves at a glacial pace, working its changes subtly.
In Britain we like to think there's something about our history, like our climate, our landscape, that's naturally moderate, not given to earthquakes and revolutions.
But there are times and places when history, British history, comes at you with a rush, violent, decisive, bloody - a truckload of trouble knocking you down, wiping out everything that gives you your bearings: Law, custom, loyalty and language.
And this is one of those places.
I know it doesn't look like the site of a national trauma.
These days it looks more suitable for a county fair than a mass slaughter.
But this is the battlefield of Hastings, and here one kind of England was
and another kind of England was set up in its place.
Some historians say that for most people of England Hastings didn't matter that much, that 1066 was mostly a matter of replacing Saxon lords with Norman knights.
Peasants still ploughed their fields and paid taxes to the king, prayed to avoid poverty and
and watched the seasons roll round.
But the everyday can rub shoulders with the catastrophic.
The grass grew green again, but there were bones beneath the buttercups and an entire governing class of the English had been dispossessed, their men, land and animals taken from them and given as spoils to the victorious foreigners.
You could survive and still be English but now you belonged to an inferior race, the conquered.
You lived in England but it was no longer your country.
Anglo-Saxon England was no stranger to invasions.
Viking raids had been part of life for a century, but since the days of Alfred the Great, it was a country stable enough to soak them up.
Longboats came and went but still the king's law ran the .
His churches and abbeys were built more beautifully than ever, and a town that would one day be called London was beginning to grow and prosper on the banks of the Thames.
Then one invasion succeeded where the others had failed, and there was a Viking on the throne.
His name was Canute, the man we remember for trying to hold back the tides.
While he turned Anglo-Saxon England into part of his vast maritime empire, he went out of his way to change nothing.
He even chose as his closest advisor one of the most powerful Anglo-Saxon nobles, Godwine, Earl of Wessex.
A scheming, ruthless man, Godwine became virtual co-ruler with Canute over what was still recognisably Anglo-Saxon England.
But with Canute's death in 1035 began a chain of events that would culminate in the one invasion that Anglo-Saxon England would be unable to swallow.
And what a saga it was.
It started with a bloody and unsparing fight for Canute's throne amongst the surviving elite.
Treachery, murder and mutilation were par for the course.
The last man standing with any kind of claim to the throne was a descendant of Alfred the Great, a prince of the Saxon royal house.
Called Edward, he would become forever known as The Confessor.
He was crowned on Easter Day, 1043.
He inherited more than just the crown.
He also got Earl Godwine, in no mood to lose power just because there was a new king.
Unlike Canute, Edward had good reason to hate the right-hand man forced on him.
For Godwine had arranged his older brother's murder.
There was nothing he could do about his bloodstained rival, not yet anyway.
He knew that Godwine held the keys to the kingdom.
When Godwine offered Edward his daughter in marriage, what could he do but take her?
Godwine was not Edward's only problem.
He'd also to learn how to govern a country he knew little about.
For he'd grown up in exile in a very different world across the English Channel in Normandy.
We think of Edward the Confessor as the quintessential Anglo-Saxon king.
In fact, he was almost as Norman as William the Conqueror.
After all, his mother Emma was a Norman and he'd lived here in Normandy for 30 years, ever since she'd brought him as a child refugee from the wars between the Saxons and the Danes.
But Normandy was not just an
for Edward, it was the place which formed him politically and culturally.
His mother tongue was Norman French.
His virtual godfathers were the formidable Dukes of Normandy.
The Normans were descendants of Viking raiders, but had long since traded in their longboats for powerful war-horses.
The Duchy of Normandy was in no sense just a piece of France.
Though the Dukes did formal homage to the kings of France, they were fiercely independent, possessed of castles, patrons of churches.
These warlords were constantly in the saddle imposing their will on vassals, fighting off revolts and forging shaky coalitions.
But the duchy was also humming with energetic piety.
In the 11th century, handsome stone monasteries and churches with Romanesque arches began to appear.
Grandiose stone castles, as tough as the Norman lords who'd built them, became part of the landscape.
So until the throne of England tempted him back across the Channel at the age of 36, this was Edward's home, and while he was here a child was growing up who would change the course of British history.
It was at the site of this castle at Falles in 1027 that William, known to his contemporaries though not to his face as William the Bastard, was born.
He was the illegitimate son of the Duke of Normandy and the daughter of a tanner called Ellave.
And in the cut-throat world of feudal Normandy, it was important that he learn, and quickly, how to survive.
He was only a child when his father died on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, leaving William, just eight years old, as his heir.
A lamb thrown to the wolves.
Certainly Edward would have known the young William.
There were suggestions that he was one of the hand-picked companions entrusted by William's father, Duke Robert, with keeping an eye on the vulnerable young boy.
He would have seen how William survived the traumas of his childhood, narrowly escaping as how William was forced, aged ten, to witness the brutal murder of his beloved steward in his bedchamber, before his very eyes.
Edward must have marvelled at the way the stripling boy grew into a steely and ruthless young man, triumphing in battle over a formidable league of rebel nobles.
While William was securing absolute power in Normandy, Edward was, by now, in the middle of a nervous reign, continually having to look over his shoulder at his biggest threat, Earl Godwine.
In 1051, Edward seized his chance to rid himself of his rival.
Edward brought over Norman allies, established them in castles, made one Archbishop of Canterbury.
Feeling his moment had now come, he confronted Godwine with his brother's murder and threw him out of the country.
His bid to rid himself of his sworn enemy failed miserably.
In exile, the Earl of Wessex was just as dangerous as at home, and sailed back with a fleet to humiliate the king.
Out went Edward's Norman cronies, back came the Godwines stronger than ever.
Edward was now little more than a puppet king.
He turned to the religious life, spending days in meditation and prayer, becoming at last, The Confessor, devoting himself to the foundation of his Benedictine abbey upstream of London, his &West Minster&.
Impotence though, has its uses.
Godwine clearly had ambitions for the future.
He'd foisted his daughter Edith on Edward to get a young Godwine as the next King of England.
But Edward had his own ideas.
Yes, he'd married Edith but he'd never sleep with her.
His revenge would be her childlessness.
Now Edward had an even more mischievous thought: &All right, if Godwine wants an heir to the throne so badly &I'll give him one but one more to my liking.&
It 's at this point, Norman chroniclers claimed, that Edward apparently promised the succession to the Duke of Normandy, William the Bastard.
Of course, nobody knew of this in England, least of all Godwine, who in 1053 died suddenly of a stroke while at dinner with the king.
There were plenty of other Godwines to step into the Godfather's place.
His sons now took over where he left off, controlling England virtually unchallenged.
And presiding over the family empire was the eldest son, Harold.
Harold Godwineson seemed to have everything: Land, power, riches, charisma, an aristocratic wife and a supporting troop of loyal and clever brothers.
He even managed to make himself patron of churches, like this one at Bosham in Sussex.
And though he didn't dare make too brazen a move, any dispassionate observer arriving in England in the early 1060s would have to conclude that once Edward was gone the throne was Harold's for the taking.
All at once an ill wind blew away this fair-weather vision.
It started with a voyage that no one can explain, even to this day.
In 1064, Harold and a group of men set sail for Normandy.
Maybe it was to rescue his younger brother, Wulfstan, who had been taken hostage by William.
For the Norman chroniclers, the journey could only have one purpose.
Harold was confirming Edward's offer of the crown.
Why would Harold do something so against his own best interests?
Perhaps that's why it makes up the first bit of the story of the most grandiose piece of Norman , the 70-metre long Bayeux Tapestry.
The tapestry was commissioned by William's half-brother, Bishop Odo of Bayeux, a few years after the conquest.
It may have been made by English embroiders in Canterbury, who were regarded as the most skilled stitchers in Europe.
Who else would have made such a glamorous hero?
Something seems to have gone wrong in the Channel, perhaps a storm.
Landing in the territory of Guy of Ponthieu, they were arrested and handed over to Guy's liege lord, William of Normandy.
The embroiderers make it dramatically clear that Harold and his men now find themselves in an alien world.
The Saxons are moustachioed at this stage of the story, rather fine-looking, with a certain air about them, despite their .
The Normans, by contrast, shave the backs of their heads.
They're the scary half-skinheads of the early feudal world.
Realising his lucky number has come up, William can afford to be all charm and generosity to his prisoner, cleverly bringing him into his military entourage.
William took Harold on campaign with him in Brittany, where Harold returns the favour by rescuing two of William's soldiers from the quicksands of Mont Saint Michel, one on his left arm, one on his back.
His hospitality is steel-tipped.
He makes Harold one of his knights, a solemn ceremonious business involving a two-way obligation.
William, now his liege lord, would be obliged to protect Harold, his new knight.
Harold would have had to make his own promises, and there seems no doubt he did swear some sort of oath to the Duke.
To the medieval mind, there was nothing more serious than an oath, and the tapestry maker makes it clear that this was a religious act by having a witness point to the word &Sacramentum&.
His oath was a kind of sacrament as it went to the heart of the matter.
What would happen to England after Edward died?
The English said that Harold agreed to be William's man only in Normandy and that it had no bearing on the English succession.
The Norman chroniclers, though, said Harold had sworn to help William take the throne of England.
The oath became even more binding when in a cheap theatrical trick the cloth was whipped from the table over which Harold had sworn.
Underneath was revealed a reliquary containing the bones of a saint.
Well, how much trouble was he in now?
Had Harold promised something he couldn't deliver, or had he made no promises at all about the English crown?
Norman chroniclers like to imagine the returning Harold haunted by guilt, saying one thing but doing another.
In England, there was no sign of a queasy conscience at all.
To get his hands on the crown, Harold now did something inconceivable for a Godwine, something which one day would have disastrous consequences.
He sold his own brother, Tostig, down the river.
Tostig was the Earl of Northumbria and also the family hothead, and had managed to provoke a northern rebellion against him.
He'd been fleecing abbeys and monasteries, creating his own private army and acting like a greedy tyrannical brat.
Inevitably, the local nobles rose against him, declared him outlaw and put in their own man to be the new earl.
Harold was sent by King Edward to sort out the mess and was immediately faced with two tough choices.
He could back his younger brother Tostig against the rebels, but that might create a civil war.
Or he could forget about blood ties and support Tostig's enemies.
In return, they might feel grateful enough to offer him their crucial support when the time came for him to make his bid for the English throne.
In the end, Harold put ambition before brotherly love.
He threw out Tostig and replaced him with the Earl Morcar.
Harold had broken Godwine clan solidarity and turned his own brother into a mortal enemy.
It was this merciless war of brothers which in the end cost Harold his throne and his life.
More than anything, it was the cause of death of Anglo-Saxon England.
The winter of 1065 was marked by tremendous gales which destroyed churches and uprooted great trees.
As King Edward the Confessor lay on his deathbed, he was visited by a strange and terrible dream which he insisted on relating to all who gathered around him.
Two monks came to my deathbed and told me that because of the sins of its people God had given England to evil spirits.
I said, &Will God not have mercy?& And they replied, &Not until a growing tree, cleft in two by a lightning storm &should come together of its own accord and grow green again.
&Only then will there be pardon.& But no one paid much attention to the ravings of an old man.
What was much more important was that Edward had touched Harold's hand.
The king had fallen short of actually declaring him his heir but it was enough of a sign for Harold and the northern earls who supported him.
On January 6th 1066, Westminster saw the funeral of one king in the morning and the coronation of another in the afternoon.
There are two Harolds depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but which was the real one - the confident king who issued coins bearing the optimistic slogan &Pax&, the Latin for peace, or the guilty, twisted usurper, stricken by omens, haunted by a vision of ships?
The phantom fleet which the embroiderers set in a border of the tapestry suggests Harold could all too well imagine the reaction across the Channel to his coronation.
A Norman historian has William hearing the news while out hunting.
When the Duke heard the news, he became as a man outraged.
Oft he tied his mantle, oft he untied it and spoke to no man.
Neither dared any man speak to him.
(HOWLING) For ten years, William had confidently let it be known throughout Europe that he'd soon add England to his territories.
He was now in a lethally dangerous position of looking ridiculous.
He consulted his feudal magnates in a series of assemblies and by no means all of them were particularly thrilled with the idea of an invasion of England.
The risks seemed a lot more daunting than the enticement of new lands and wealth.
So the Duke went to strategy number two, turning the matter into an international crusade.
Couldn't the Pope see that his cause was just, that Harold was an infamous oath breaker, a despoiler of churches?
William on the other hand was a builder of abbeys, a protector of bishops against bullying barons.
It was completely absurd and it worked like a dream.
The Pope was won over, gave William his Papal blessing and invested him with his ring and banner.
It was now much more than a dynastic .
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